conditioning and learning exam 3

According to Pavlov, generalization is best described as:

A by products of the conditioning process

After using her old phone for five years, Lila gets a new one with a different operating system. However, she keeps trying to navigate the new phone using the old phone's menu patterns, which causes her confusion and slows down her learning of the new system. This is an example of:

Proactive interference

In the research of Jenkins and Harrison (1960, 1962), one group of pigeons received nondifferential training with a 1,000-Hz tone-the same tone was present on every trial. In a generalization test along the dimension of tone frequency, this group produced

Flat generalization gradients

Experiments on sensory deprivation (e.g., Rodolph, Honing, and Gerry, 1969) have shown that if birds are prevented from seeing different colors when they are young

The birds may still discriminate between defilement colors in generalization test

A dolphin must complete two components in a specific sequence: it must first jump through a hoop (FR 1) and then touch a paddle after 10 seconds have elapsed (FI 10-sec) before receiving fish.

There are no discriminative stimuli signaling the transition between the components. This scenario exemplifies which schedule of reinforcement?

Tandem schedule

Which of the following best illustrates the transposition?

A pigeon trained to peck a larger circle over a smaller one chooses an even larger new circle when given a new pair of circles

Carlos is learning about different types of furniture. After being shown several typical chairs (each with four legs, a backrest, and a seat) he forms a mental image of what a "chair" should look like. Later, when shown a beanbag, Carlos is unsure whether to call it a chair. According to prototype theory, why is Carlos uncertain about classifying the beanbag as a chair?

The beanbag doesn’t closely resemble the prototype of a chair that he has formed

A pigeon must peck a key during each component of a three-step sequence. The key color changes to indicate each component, but the response requirement stays the same. Reinforcement occurs only after the final component. This scenario best describes:

Homogeneous chain schedule

What does the concept of displacement refer to in studies of language and how does it apply to animals?

The ability refers to things not present in time or space, a trait rarely shown by animals

In a two-choice situation for pigeons, the left key provides 7 reinforcers per hour, while the right key provides 13 reinforcers per hour. According to the matching law, a pigeon will make

_ of its responses on the left key.

35%

In Schmidt’s theory when a person learns how different movements produce different results, this is called a

Motor schema

According to momentary maximization theory in a concurrent VI situation a subject will

Tend to respond on whichever schedule has a higher probability of reinforcement at that moment

When Jasmine sees a new type of dog at the park, she thinks it looks like several dogs she's seen before, especially her neighbor's beagle and her aunt's hound. She decides it must be a type of dog based on these comparisons to her past experiences. Jasmine's categorization process best illustrates:

Exemplar theory

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules, a human participant receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response. In phase 2, he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response. The participant's percentage of left responses is 15% in phase 1, and 85% in phase 2. This performance is an example of

Overmatching

In a two-choice situation for pigeons, the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour, and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour. The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make responses on the left key.

75%

In Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment, children who observed an adult behaving aggressively toward the doll were more likely to:

Become fearful of adults

Transitive interference refers to the ability to:

Infer relationships such as A< B and B< C then A< C

According to the Ainslie-Rachlin theory, a reinforcer’s value changes primarily as a function of its:

Delay

Which of the following best describes maintenance rehearsal?

Repeating information to keep it in short term memory without necessarily transferring it to long-term memory

Is a person chooses an option with an uncertain outcome over one with a guaranteed outcome, the person is said to be

Risk-seeking

Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond

Both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior

In the phenomenon of peak shift the most rapid responding is shifted

Away from the S-

Which of the following response rules is consistent with the relational theory of stimulus control?

Both: choosing the greener of the 2 stimuli, and of the three stimuli, choose the one of intermediate brightness

Using Mechner's procedure, a researcher trains a rat to press a lever 10 times before switching to another. What cognitive ability is being tested here?

Counting

An individual who chooses a _____reinforcer over a______reinforcer is said to be making an impulsive choices

Small immediate, large delayed

In a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules, a participant receives 25% of reinforcers for making a left response in Phase 1, and 65% of reinforcers for making a left response in Phase 2. However, the participant allocates 35% of responses to the left key in Phase 1 and 45% of responses to the left key in Phase 2. This performance is an example of

Under matching

A pigeon responds on a multiple schedule in which a VI 30 second schedule is in effect both when the response key is red and when the response key is green. Next, the schedule associated with the green key is changed to extinction. Which of the following changes in behavior would be an example of positive behavioral contrast?

An increase in response rate on the red key

According to Adams's theory, in the_____ stage, a person needs external feedback in order to improve a motor skill, but not in the______ _stage.

Verbal motor, motor

Which of the following human behaviors best illustrates Caraco et al's finding about risk taking:

A person with little money gamboling in hopes of a big payout

According to optimization theory, animals exhibit matching behavior in some two-choice situations because

Matching is the way to produce the most reinforcement