Depression/Depressive Disorders - Chapter 8

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/31

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

32 Terms

1
New cards

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - emotional symptoms

depressed mood

anhedonia (lack of interest or pleasure)

2
New cards

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - behavioral symptoms

appetite change

sleep disturbance

psychomotor disturbance

  • moving slow, slow speech

fatigue

3
New cards

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - cognitive symptoms

feeling guilty or worthless

concentration difficulty

thoughts of death or suicide

4
New cards

need ___ of symptoms for at least ___diagnose MDD

5 or more symptoms

2 weeks

5
New cards

Major Depressive Disorder

symptoms must be cause of significant distress or impair functioning

not attributable or explained by something else

never experienced a manic or hypomanic episode

“normal & expected” depressive response to a negative event such as a loss should not be diagnosed as MDD unless other, more atypical symptoms are present (e.g., worthlessness, suicidal ideas, psychomotor disturbance)

6
New cards

MDD Specifier - with anxious distress

prominent anxiety symptoms

7
New cards

MDD Specifier - with mixed features

presence of at least 3 manic/hypomanic symptoms but does not meet criteria for a manic episode

8
New cards

MDD Specifier - with melancholic features

inability to experience pleasure

distinct depressed mood

depression worse in morning

psychomotor retardation or agitation

significant weight loss

excessive guilt

9
New cards

MDD Specifier - with atypical features

positive mood reactions to some events

significant weight gain or increase in appetite

hypersomnia

longstanding pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection

10
New cards

MDD Specifier - with psychotic features

mood-congruent or incongruent delusions or hallucinations

11
New cards

MDD Specifier - with catatonia

not actively relating to environment, mutism, posturing, agitation, mimicking another’s speech or movements

12
New cards

MDD Specifier - with seasonal patterns (seasonal affective disorders)

occurs mostly in the winter months & generally lifts during spring and summer

  • same time every year

2-year period

responds to antidepressants, psychotherapy, light therapy

13
New cards

Why did Postpartum Depression get renamed to major depressive disorder with peripartum onset?

50% of postpartum episodes begin prior to delivery

14
New cards

Specifier - MDD with Peripartum Onset - Prevalence

10-22% of adult women, 60% of women have their first depressive episode in the postpartum period

~10% of fathers without a prior history of depression

15
New cards

Specifier - MDD with Peripartum Onset - risk factors

low income, sleep disturbances, low social support

  • mothers → stressful pregnancy, complicated birth, previous miscarriage or stillbirth

  • fathers → increased risk when mother is depressed or relationship problems present

16
New cards

Specifier - MDD with Peripartum Onset - prevention factors

home visits, peer support, therapy - mothers

paternal involvement - fathers

17
New cards

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) - aka Dysthymia

over 2 years, individual has never been without symptoms for more than 2 months at a time

never had a manic or hypomanic episode

not attributed to or better explained by something else

clinically significant distress or impairment

18
New cards

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) - symptoms

2 or more symptoms (including depressed mood or lack of interest & pleasure, same as MDD) for at least 2 years

19
New cards

Biological Etiology of Depressive Disorders

neurotransmitters: serotonin & norepinephrine

~50% heredity - most evident after puberty

cortisol (stress hormone) - interacts with experiences

hippocampus - smaller in people with depression

circadian rhythm disturbance

20
New cards

Psychological Etiology of Depressive Disorders - behavioral

limited opportunities to engage in reinforcing activities

a person’s behavior reduces the likelihood of positive social interactions

21
New cards

Psychological Etiology of Depressive Disorders - cognitive

aaron beck → negative self-schema

learned helplessness

negative attributional style - on causes that are internal, stable, global

22
New cards

Beck’s 6 Types of Faulty Thinking

arbitrary inference - drawing conclusions without sufficient evidence

personalization (and blame) - take others’ behaviors personally and take total responsibility for external events occurring

overgeneralization - holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying these inaccurate beliefs to other situations

magnification & exaggeration - overestimating the significance of negative events

polarized thinking - all or nothing, good or bad, either/or, black and white thinking

selective abstraction (mental filtering) - only focusing on the negative aspects of a situation

23
New cards

Social Etiology of Depressive Disorders

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

  • abuse, neglect, poverty, divorce, exposure to substance abuse, exposure to violence, family member in prison, death of a parent

parental depression

stressful life experiences

social rejection

24
New cards

Sociocultural Etiology of Depressive Disorders

women more likely to be diagnosed with MDD than men, across all ages, ethnic/racial groups, and nationalities

25
New cards

Biological Treatments of Depressive Disorders

tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

SSRIs

lots of side effects - off-putting (can’t abruptly get off meds, less side effects with Wellbutrin but it can exacerbate anxiety symptoms)

omega-3 fatty acid supplements reduce depressive symptoms + can boost effectiveness of antidepressants

best outcome = therapy + treatment

26
New cards

Psychological Treatments of Depressive Disorders - CBT

challenge dysfunctional thinking

evaluate thoughts, not emotions

very effective

27
New cards

Psychological Treatments of Depressive Disorders - behavioral activation

replace behaviors that lead to depression with behaviors that are reinforcing

28
New cards

Psychological Treatments of Depressive Disorders - acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT)

acceptance

cognitive defusion

contact with the present moment - mindfulness

values

committed action

self-as-context

29
New cards

Psychological Treatments of Depressive Disorders - mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

techniques → present moment awareness, mediation, breathing exercises

group setting (8 weeks) - utilizes homework, good for preventing relapse of depressive symptoms

sadness → trigger for relapse of depression

accept sadness rather than try to change it

you are not your thought patterns

30
New cards

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorders

clinically distressing or impairment

not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder

not attributable to something else

at least 5 symptoms present in the final week before menstruations begins

symptoms start to improve within a few days of onset of menstruation and become minimal or absent in the week following

31
New cards

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorders - Criteria A

one of these present

  • marked affective lability

  • marked irritability or anger or increases interpersonal conflicts

  • markedly depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, self-deprecating thoughts

  • marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge

should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least 2 symptomatic cycles

32
New cards

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorders - Criteria B

one or more of the following symptoms - additionally present, total of 5 when combined with A

  • decreased interest in usual activities

  • subjective difficulty in concentration

  • lethargy, easy fatigability, marked lack of energy

  • marked change in appetite; overeating or specific food cravings

  • hypersomnia or insomnia

  • a sense of being overwhelmed or out of control

  • physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of “bloating” or weight gain