Age of Revolutions

Copernicus

A Polish mathematician who was the first to argue that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Galileo

An Italian scientist known for making advances in telescope magnification, structures of planets, and mapping of the universe.

Kepler

Discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

Newton

Explained the law of universal gravitation.

The Four influential scientists in the Scientific Revolution are _______.

Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler.

Enlightenment

The 'Age of Reason,' a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries; belief that the universe could be understood through reason.

True or False: Enlightenment ideas impacted world revolutions for independence.

True.

John Locke believed people are born with basic rights to what three things?

Life, Liberty, Property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract.

Absolute Monarch

A king or queen who held all of the power within their kingdoms.

Divine Right

The belief that God created the monarchy and acted as God’s representatives.

Peter the Great

A Russian Absolute Monarch who took control of the Eastern Orthodox Church & 'westernized' Russia.

97% of France's population belonged to the _______.

Third Estate (Middle & Lower Class).

Who paid almost all of the taxes in France before the French Revolution?

The Third Estate.

King Louis

The king of France during the French Revolution who was beheaded with his wife Marie Antoinette.

What did an army of French peasants do on July 14, 1789?

Stormed the Bastille, murdered the warden, freed the prisoners, and stole the weapons.

Napoleon

A French general who became France’s first emperor in 1804.

Napoleon suffered his final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of _______.

Waterloo.

The movement from an agricultural society to one based on manufacturing of goods is known as the _______.

Industrial Revolution.

The growth of cities and the migration of people into them is known as _______.

Urbanization.

What problems were caused by urbanization?

Cramped living conditions, high rents, and unsanitary tenement buildings; horrible working conditions; child labor.

What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?

Unsafe, unregulated, used child labor, all for just pennies per day.

Capitalism

The economic system that flourished during the Industrial Revolution.

Adam Smith

Wrote The Wealth of Nations describing a type of capitalism where the government does not interfere with the economy.

Karl Marx

Believed that everything should be owned equally by everyone; this theory is called Communism.

Who discovered the heliocentric model of the solar system?

Copernicus.

How were scientists treated by the Catholic Church during the scientific revolution?

Pressured not to print their theories because they went against the Church’s teachings.

Describe the ways the Enlightenment period impacted societies and intellectual thought.

Introduced new ways of thinking, independency, and other ideas.

Identify the causes of the French Revolution.

Economic crisis, past famine, social inequality between the privileged elite and impoverished majority.

What were the estates of France?

First, The Church Officials; Second, The King and the Nobility; Third Estate, everyone else.

Describe the Tennis Court Oath.

3rd Estate vowed to create their own government called the National Assembly, ending the monarchy and writing a new constitution.

What happened to Napoleon after he was defeated?

Exiled to the tiny island of St. Helena where he passed away in 1821.

Describe the reason European monarchs went to war with Revolutionary France.

In an attempt to stop what is happening in France to happen to their absolute monarchies.

What were the reasons for the French Revolution?

Social inequality, the Third Estate was tired of mistreatment.

Name a few positive impacts the Industrial Revolution had.

Wealth, improved standard of living, increases in technological innovations.

What did the National Assembly implement in the French government?

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Enlightenment ideas in governments now include what?

Constitutional Government, Equality, Freedom of Speech, Separation of Church and State.