Age of Revolutions

1. Copernicus___________________ was a Polish mathematician who was the first to argue that the Earth revolves around the Sun. 

2. Galileo____________________ was an Italian scientist known for making advances in telescope magnification, structures of planets, and mapping of the universe.

3. _____Kepler________________ discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. 

4. Newton______________________ explained the law of universal gravitation.

5. Which FOUR scientists were influential in the Scientific Revolution?

1. Newton

2. Copernicus

3. Galileo

4. Kepler

6. ____________Enlightenment_____________________ or the “Age of Reason” was the cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17^th and 18^th centuries. Belief that the universe could be understood through reason.

7. True or False: Enlightenment ideas had an impact on world revolutions for independence. True

8.  John Locke believed people are born with basic rights to what THREE things?

1. Life

2. Liberty

3. Property

9. ___Jean-Jacques Rousseau_____________________ was a French Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract.

10. An ___Absolute_______________  _____Monarch_____________ was a king or queen who held all of the power within their kingdoms. 

11. The belief that God created the monarchy and acted as God’s representatives was known as “_____Divine______________ Right”.

12. _____Peter the Great_______________________ was a Russian Absolute Monarch who took control of the Eastern Orthodox Church & “westernized” Russia.

13. 97%___ percent of France's population 

belonged to the Third Estate (Middle & Lower Class).

14. Who paid almost all of the taxes in France before the French Revolution?  The Third Estate

15. King ______Louis___________ of  France during the French Revolution who was beheaded with his wife Marie Antoinette.

16.  What did an army of French peasants do on July 14, 1789 (Bastille Day)? Stormed the Bastille, murdered the warden, freed the prisoners, and stole the weapons

17. _____Napolean___________ was a French general who became France’s first emperor in 1804. 

18. Napoleon suffered his final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of _________Waterloo______________.

19. Moving from an agricultural society to one based on manufacturing of goods was known as the ______industrial___________ _____revolution__________________.

20.  The growth of cities and the migration of people into them is known as _________urbanization___________.

21. What problems were caused by urbanization (city growth)? 

• Large influx of workers caused cramped living conditions, high rents, and unsanitary tenement buildings with little to no rules for landlords.

• - Working conditions were horrible, child labor

22. What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?

• Unsafe, unregulated, used child labor, all for just pennies per day

23. _______Capitalism__________________ was the economic system that flourished during the Industrial revolution. 

24.  ____Adam Smith________________wrote The Wealth of Nations describing a type of capitalism where the government does not interfere with the economy.

25. Karl ____Marx_________ believed that everything should be owned equally by everyone.  This theory is called ___Communism_____________________.

26. Who discovered the heliocentric model of the solar system? Copernicus

27. How were scientists treated by the Catholic Church during the scientific revolution? Pressured by the church to not print their theories because they went against the church’s teachings

28. Describe the ways the Enlightenment period impacted societies and intellectual thought. Introduced ways of thinking, independency, and other ideas

29. Identify the causes of the French Revolution. Economic crisis, past famine, social inequality between the privileged elite and impoverished majority

30. What were the estates of France? First, The Church Officials,  Second, The King and the Nobility,  and Third Estate, everyone else

31. Describe the Tennis Court Oath. 3rd Estate voted to create their own government called the National Assembly, vowed to end the monarchy and write a new constitution

32. After Napoleon was defeated what happened to him? Exiled to the tiny island of St. Helena, where he passed away from stomach cancer in 1821

33. Describe the reason European monarchs went to war with Revolutionary France? In attempt to prevent a revolution happening in their kingdoms in attempt to rid of their absolute monarchy

34. What were the reasons for the French Revolution? Social inequality, the Third Estate was tired of mistreatment

35. Name a few positive impacts the Industrial Revolution had. Wealth, improved standard of living, increases in technological innovations that improve our quality of life

36. What did the National Assembly implement in the French government? Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Enlightenment ideas in governments now. Constitutional Government, Equality, Freedom of Speech, Separation of Church and State