Chapters 9-11 Jacksonian Era, Economic Revolution, and Slavery

Cotton Kingdom

a nickname given to in the Deep South due to the boom in cotton production

Second Middle Passage

the forced migration of slaves to the Deep South due to the high demand for labor in the cotton plantations. Families were split across different plantations. Slaves were put through similar experiences to those who came to the US on the middle passage

Yeoman Farmers

farmers who own small farms and do all the harsh labor themselves. They do not own slaves. Most southern white farmers did not own slaves.

James Henry Hammond

a senator who believed that slavery was vital to the south’s society. He also believed that there should be a social pyramid where farmers with the most slaves were on top and those who were enslaved at the bottom.

Planter Class

a group of people who owned large plantations that made them rich. Despite being the minority of the southern population, they owned the most slaves and had the most influence over the south’s culture

Cult of Honor

a societal norm where men were more protective over women. Men were more controlling over their spouses than those up north.

Peculiar Institution

the name the south had for slavery indicating that it was something that belonged to the south. In their eyes, it made the south special compared to the other regions

Abolitionists

people who fought for the end of institutionalized slavery within the US

Slave Codes

laws that blocked or restricted the human rights of slaves. Some of the things slaves couldn’t do were own property, testify in court, and go against their masters.

Elizabeth Keckly

an enslaved woman who bought hers and her son’s freedom and later on became Mary Lincoln’s friend

Manumission

slaveowners granting freedom to their slaves

Amistad

A ship that was transporting slaves to Cuba was overtaken by the slaves who attempted to then sail back to their homeland. Instead, they were captured by the US. The Supreme Court ruled that the slaves could be freed.

Gabriel Pross

a slave who led an attempt of a rebellion in 1800 with 1000 other slaves against slavery. He was caught and executed.

Denmark Vesey

a freed black man planned to rebel with 9000 other men in 1822 but was suppressed

Nat Turner

an enslaved preacher who led a rebellion that killed 60 people. Many people in the rebellion got executed after the suppression of the rebellion

Antebellum

the era right before the civil war. It was a time when the US was growing quickly in the west. Population and birthrates were also increasing.

Nativism

An ideal that began when more immigrants, specifically Irish immigrants coming during the potato famine, were entering the US during the Antebellum era when “native born” Americans believed that they were far better than the immigrants coming in were “stealing their jobs”

Know-Nothings

people who were in movements that had nativist beliefs in 1850. The name came from their secret code, “I know nothing.” These movements then joined to create the political party, the American Party.

Erie Canal

a canal that gave New York a transportation route to Chicago and the west in 1850. New England started depending less on agriculture and more on the industry due to the Erie Canal.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

In 1830, this was the first company to build the oldest railroad built to help Maryland catch up with other states

Morse Code

a way people communicated over long distances created by Samuel F. B. Morse via bursts of electrical currents. It was invented in 1832.

Western Union Telegraph Company

the telegraph company that is made up of previously smaller telegraph companies that transmitted information across the country in morse code.

Factory System

the use of machines powered by water that let production happen in one place rather than being scattered in different places.

Industrialization

the evolution of a country’s economy is dependent on agriculture to being dependent on the industry.

Lowell or Waltham System

the process of hiring young women as laborers to work in textile mills commonly in New England and Massachusetts. Most women usually became housewives after. Women struggled to adapt to the new working conditions

Factory Girls Association

due to poor working conditions and decreasing income, a union was created to protest by going on strike

Sarah Bagley

the woman that created and led the Female Labor Reform Association to advocate for a 10-hour workday, improved working conditions, and federal involvement to conduct a proper look into the workplace environment in textile mills. The labor union was founded 8 years after the Factory Girls Association dissociated.

Artisans

a craftsperson who independently produced their products locally. Artisans struggled to keep up with the efficiency of factory

Commonwealth V. Hunt

The supreme court ruled that unions were constitutionally legal and can perform strikes to demand better working conditions

Cult of Domesticity

accepted social norm in the 1800s that women’s role in society was to stay at home raise their children and be role models religiously

Andrew Jackson

was elected president in 1829 and was known for being the president of the “common man.” He gained attraction due to his victory during the War of 1812.

Dorr Rebellion

Lawyer and Activist Thomas L. Dorr started a political party, “People’s Party”, that overtook the previous state government to allow more people to vote. However, the previous government considered this a rebellion and sent the entire party to jail.

Alexis De Tocqueville

A french man who wrote about democracy in the US. He was sent to write about the prisons in the US but instead went further to talk about the lives of those living in the US during Jackson’s presidency.

Whigs

a Political Party consisting of those whose political beliefs don’t align with President Andrew Jackson’s. People in this party wanted to support the manufacturing industry and infrastructure more.

Spoils System

Started by President Andrew Jackson, a process where important jobs in the office are given to those who politically helped an elected official

John C. Calhoun

Vice President during Andrew Jackson’s presidency, also had been secretary of state and war in previous presidencies. He was from South Carolina and strongly advocated for slavery and nullification.

Nullification

a theory that states have more power than the federal government and can cancel the enforcement of federal law if the state found it unconstitutional. Calhoun used the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions to justify his theory.

Martin Van Buren

President Andrew Jackson’s closest ally in the White House and Calhoun’s biggest enemy. He was Secretary of State and was chosen as president after President Andrew Jackson.

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts senator who attacked Hayne and Calhoun for caring more about their state/region over the federal government and the entirety of the country in unity.

Webster-Hayne Debate

an argument between Massachusetts Senator, Daniel Webster, and South Carolina Senator Robert Y. Haynes over how much power the federal government should have vs how much power state governments should have.

Black Hawk War

Sauk (Sak) Natives and Fox Natives teamed up to fight for their land back from western settlers. Despite wanting to surrender, many were killed by the white settlers which fully displayed how much they tried to wipe out native tribes from the US.

5 Civilized Tribes

highly advanced native tribes that embraced European systems like government and laws. These tribes were Choctaws, Seminoles, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Creeks.

Indian Removal Act

a law congress passed stating that the federal government could move native tribes elsewhere in the west past the Mississippi River

Indian Territory

the land where natives were relocated forcefully, which is now present

Trail of Tears

the journey that natives took in the winter of 1838 that killed many of the natives before they even arrived in Oklahoma

Nicholas Biddle

The head of the second band of the US starting in 1823 and was highly disliked by President Andrew Jackson

Bank War

The conflict between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle over the Bank of the US. President Jackson wanted to get rid of it but supporters of the Bank wanted it to be re

Roger B. Taney

3rd secretary of the treasury under President Andrew Jackson’s presidency who was elected via spoils system. He foolishly followed President Jackson’s orders of depositing all the money in the BUS to state banks. He also became the new Chief of the Supreme Court after John Marshall died.

Specie Circular

President Andrew Jackson enforced a policy that public land can only be bought with silver or gold. This caused the US to financially be in trouble.

Panic of 1837

Caused by the Specie Circular, the US fell into a financial depression for 6 years where the value of money fell.

William Henry Harrison

previously governor of Indian Territory and defeated Tecumseh, he became the President of the US under the Whigs Party. He was only president for one month until he died.

John Tyler

Vice President during Harrison’s presidency and became president after President Harrison died. He was first a democrat, then a whig, then back to a democrat. He was kicked out of the Whigs Party due to constantly enforcing democratic laws over the whigs.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

treaty that made clear what the border between Canada and the US was and helped fix the US’s relationship with Britain