AP European History - Unit 1

1453

Fall of Constantinople - capture of the capital of the Greco-Roman Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire - spread scholars to Italy

Also ending of the 100 Years' War

1492

Columbus sailed - Spain sponsored him

1527

End of the renaissance - sacking of Rome

Feudalism

King gave land to nobles, nobles are the ones in control of the land and can do whatever they want - decentralized

Great Schism

3 popes, people put less fate in the church

Holy Roman Empire

In Germany, northern humanism, feudal - didn't centralized

Golden Bull

Agreement between Emperor Charles IV and major German rulers - established 7 member electoral college

Civic Humanism

Civic reform + humanism, humanism applied on a daily basis

Florence

Medici family, where Renaissance started

Venice

Second hearth for the Renaissance

Neoplatonism

Ideals of Plato - that humans were rational and had the ability to think, flattering view of humanity

Christian Humanism

Northern Humanism

Cortes

Conquerer of the Aztecs

Estates-General

Legislative body in France - combined clergy, nobility, and the commons

Court of the Star Chamber

Judicial - England, gave king the power to choose the judges

Spanish Explorers

Cortes, Pizarro

Portuguese Explorers

Prince Henry "The Navigator", Bartholomew Dias, Vasco Gama

War of the Roses

Lancaster and York, Lancasters ended up taking power

Black Death

Killed 1/3 of Europe's population, demand for labor went up

Hundred Years' War

Between England and France, France was victorious

Tudor Dynasty

England, Henry Tudor - how England became centralized

Habsburg Family

Family mostly in control of Holy Roman Empire

Christine di Pisan

Wrote a book of poems on the accomplishments of women in history

Charles V

Ruler of Spain and Holy Roman Empire - sacked Rome

Francis I

King of France - advised by Leonardo da Vinci (on military engineering, etc), invaded Italy

Alexander VI

Most corrupt pope in history, assisted the invasion of Italy

Julius II

Warrior pope, advocated for the military - Julius Excluded from Heaven

Treaty of Lodi

Unified Florence, Milan, and Naples - against Venice and Papal states

Ludovico il Moro

Invited France to reclaim territory of Milan, after France took it, Milan switched sides against France

Borgia Family

Family from Pope Alexander the VI

Medici Family

Richest family in Italy, patrons of artwork - added lot of money to their country, hired despots - bankers (stabilized Florence by controlling it internally)

Ferdinand and Isabella

Castile and Aragon - unified Spain

Machiavelli

The Prince

El Greco

Spanish Painter - his religious paintings are most famous

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism"

Thomas More

Utopia - with education, people are rational and make good decisions

Erasmus

Praise of Folly, Julius Excluded

Arnolfini Portrait

By Van Eyck

Gothic

Germany

Romanesque

Medieval Architectural style

Classical

Greeks and Romans

Cortez

Parliament of Spain

Jacob Burckhardt

Present day historian - described the renaissance

Patronage

Commissioning artwork

Treaties of Tordesillas and Saragossa

Treaty between Portugal and Spain - to not infringe on territory

Encomienda

Right to use "Indians" as workers in the New World

Repartimento

Replaced encomienda - required male Indians to devote labor to Spanish empire - labor tax

Mannerism

New art style in late 16 and early 17th century - based off Renaissance masters

Reuchlin affair

Came under attack for Jewish/Hebrew learning and was defended by academics

Condottieri

People who sell mercenaries (specifically Germans) for despots

Vernacular Language

Language spoken by the common people