Studied by 35 people
1453
Fall of Constantinople - capture of the capital of the Greco-Roman Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire - spread scholars to Italy
Also ending of the 100 Years' War
1492
Columbus sailed - Spain sponsored him
1527
End of the renaissance - sacking of Rome
Feudalism
King gave land to nobles, nobles are the ones in control of the land and can do whatever they want - decentralized
Great Schism
3 popes, people put less fate in the church
Holy Roman Empire
In Germany, northern humanism, feudal - didn't centralized
Golden Bull
Agreement between Emperor Charles IV and major German rulers - established 7 member electoral college
Civic Humanism
Civic reform + humanism, humanism applied on a daily basis
Florence
Medici family, where Renaissance started
Venice
Second hearth for the Renaissance
Neoplatonism
Ideals of Plato - that humans were rational and had the ability to think, flattering view of humanity
Christian Humanism
Northern Humanism
Cortes
Conquerer of the Aztecs
Estates-General
Legislative body in France - combined clergy, nobility, and the commons
Court of the Star Chamber
Judicial - England, gave king the power to choose the judges
Spanish Explorers
Cortes, Pizarro
Portuguese Explorers
Prince Henry "The Navigator", Bartholomew Dias, Vasco Gama
War of the Roses
Lancaster and York, Lancasters ended up taking power
Black Death
Killed 1/3 of Europe's population, demand for labor went up
Hundred Years' War
Between England and France, France was victorious
Tudor Dynasty
England, Henry Tudor - how England became centralized
Habsburg Family
Family mostly in control of Holy Roman Empire
Christine di Pisan
Wrote a book of poems on the accomplishments of women in history
Charles V
Ruler of Spain and Holy Roman Empire - sacked Rome
Francis I
King of France - advised by Leonardo da Vinci (on military engineering, etc), invaded Italy
Alexander VI
Most corrupt pope in history, assisted the invasion of Italy
Julius II
Warrior pope, advocated for the military - Julius Excluded from Heaven
Treaty of Lodi
Unified Florence, Milan, and Naples - against Venice and Papal states
Ludovico il Moro
Invited France to reclaim territory of Milan, after France took it, Milan switched sides against France
Borgia Family
Family from Pope Alexander the VI
Medici Family
Richest family in Italy, patrons of artwork - added lot of money to their country, hired despots - bankers (stabilized Florence by controlling it internally)
Ferdinand and Isabella
Castile and Aragon - unified Spain
Machiavelli
The Prince
El Greco
Spanish Painter - his religious paintings are most famous
Petrarch
"Father of Humanism"
Thomas More
Utopia - with education, people are rational and make good decisions
Erasmus
Praise of Folly, Julius Excluded
Arnolfini Portrait
By Van Eyck
Gothic
Germany
Romanesque
Medieval Architectural style
Classical
Greeks and Romans
Cortez
Parliament of Spain
Jacob Burckhardt
Present day historian - described the renaissance
Patronage
Commissioning artwork
Treaties of Tordesillas and Saragossa
Treaty between Portugal and Spain - to not infringe on territory
Encomienda
Right to use "Indians" as workers in the New World
Repartimento
Replaced encomienda - required male Indians to devote labor to Spanish empire - labor tax
Mannerism
New art style in late 16 and early 17th century - based off Renaissance masters
Reuchlin affair
Came under attack for Jewish/Hebrew learning and was defended by academics
Condottieri
People who sell mercenaries (specifically Germans) for despots
Vernacular Language
Language spoken by the common people
Note 
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