Chapter 8: Anthropology and Odontology

Anthropology

Study of humans, their cultures, and their biology.

Paleontology

The biological study of past human populations.

Anthropology

The biological study of current human populations.

Archaeology

The study of past human cultures.

Ethnology

The study of current human cultures.

Forensic Anthropology

application of the study of humans to situations of modern legal or public concern.

Endochondral bone

___________ growth starts with a “model” of a bone consisting of cartilage and centers of ossification.

diaphysis

developing shaft of the bone

epiphyses

rounded portions at the ends of a bone

intramembranous bone

In _________ growth, instead of a cartilage model, the ossification occurs within a membrane and this occurs in many bones of the skull.

osteoblasts

Which form the osseous tissue, become encapsulated in lacunae but maintain contact with the vascular system via microscopic canaliculi.

interstitial lamellae

non concentric lamellae, devoid of Haversian canals

Volkmann’s canals

traverse the long axis of the bone; they are always at right angles to Haversian canals.

periosteum

osteogenic connective tissue

bone marrow

thick-walled hollow shaft of compact bone

cancellous

spongy bone

epiphyseal spongy bone

The cavities of the __________ are in contact with the bone marrow core of the diaphysis except during growth of long bones in young animals.

cartilaginous epiphyseal plate

Interposed between the epiphysis and the diaphysis is the ___________.

metaphysis

The epiphyseal plate is joined to the diaphysis by columns of cancellous bone; this region is known as the _______.

endochondral ossification

When bone is formed in and replaces a cartilaginous “model,” the process is termed _____.

Cortical Bone

outer layer of hard, smooth compact bone.

Trabecular bone

the  inner layer is an infrastructure of sponge-like bone.

medullary cavity

In the very center of long bones is the _________, which contains marrow.

Marrow

a fatty material that also houses blood-generating tissues.

Interstitial Bone

bone that lies between recently reworked bone.

Biological profile

consists of assessing the sex, age at death, racial affinity, height, and any other aspects that would describe the individual-class-level information.

Quantitative physical anthropology

___________ is dominated by statistical analysis and sometimes these analyzes, such as principal component analysis, are quite complex involving many measurements, samples, and relationships.

sciatic notch

located on the inferior lateral border of the ilium.

Ventral Arc

a ridge on the anterior surface of the pubic bone that is present in females but absent in males.

Subpubic Concavity

a depression on the medial border of the ischiopubic ramus, just inferior to the pubic symphysis.

Concavity

wider and deeper in females and is only slight, if at all present, in males.

Ischiopubic ramus

flatter and thinner in males, whereas in females  it is wide and may even have a ridge on it.

FORDISC

a software that provides an easy way to analyze and compare data from skeletons.

Pubic Symphysis

the junction of the two pubic bones lying roughly 4–5 in below the navel.This junction is bridged by cartilage that acts as a cushion between the two bones.

Symphysis

a false joint.

enamel

the hardest substance that the body produces, and teeth can survive severe conditions and still be viable for analysis.

ante-mortem

Dental records and X-rays are the most common form of _______ record that leads to a positive identification.

Cause of Death

the action that initiates the cessation of life.

Manner of Death

the way in which this action came about.

Taphonomy

the study of what happens to an organism from the time it dies until the time it ends up in the laboratory.