AKC

CBSE

Why aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids?

due to the presence of H on the carbonyl group, which can be converted into OH group without the cleavage of any bond.

Aldehydes act as strong _____ agents

strong reducing agents

strong oxidizing agents

HNO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7

mild oxidizing agents

tollens reagent fehlings reagent

can ketones be easily oxidized?

NO, the oxidize under vigorous conditions

tollens reagent

[Ag(NH3)2]+

tollens test

confirm the presence of aldehydes

how tollens reagent prepared

ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate prepared by adding ammonium hydroxide + silver nitrate —→ ppt formed of AgO , till the ppt first formed is redissolved

fehiling sol A

aq copper sulphate

fehling sol B

alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (roschelles salt)

who will give fehling test?

all aldehydes except aromatic aldehydes

who gives iodoform test?

all methyl ketones (or anything ending with ch3)

alpha H

the acidity of alpha h atoms of carbonyl group is due to strong EW effect (-I effect) and resonance stabilization of conj base.

aldol condensation

same compounds ——>NaOH←—- aldol —→ heat——→ aldol condensation product

who will give aldol condesnation reaction?

aldehyd and ketones having one alpha-H

Mesityl oxide

4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

cross aldol condensation

1 +2
2+1

1+1

2+2
4 products

canizarros reaction

ald+ald——conc KOH—→ alchohol (+h) + potassium alkanoate(-H)

clemensons reaction

benzaldehyde —zn/hg hcl—→ toulouene

prepping carboxylic acid from alchohols

jones reagent CrO3.H2SO4

jones reagent

CrO3.H2SO4

prepping carboxylic acid from alkyl benzene

COOK reaction/jk

who doesnt give COOK reaction

ones with no benzyllic H

prepping carboxylic acid from nitriles and amides

prepping carboxylic acid from grignards reagent

prepping carboxylic acid from acyl chloride

prep carboxylic acid from ester

caboxlic acids upto 9 C

colourless
liquids
unpleasant odour

carboxylic acid above 9 C

wax like
solid
odourless-why?- less volatile

Why does carboxylic acids have higher BP than alchols

due to more extensive association with each other due to intermolecular H bonding

Are hydrogen bonds are not broken completely even in the vapour phase?

True

most carboxylic acids exist as ____ in the vapour phase or in the aprotic solvents.

dimer

aliphatic compunds upto ___ carbons are ____ in water

4, miscible and form H-bonds

solubility decreases with —— in carbon atoms

increase (coz higher carbons means they become hydrophobic part more interactions)

benzoic acid is nearly ____ in cold water

insoluble

carboxylic acid in general is ___ in less protic solvent

soluble

Products?

Keq

Ka

pKa

pKa of Hcl

-7

pKa of trifluoracetic acid

0.23

pKa of benzoic acid

4.19

pKa of acetic acid

4.76

pKa and strength of acid

CArboxylic acids are much stronger than alcohols

carboxylic acid and carboxylate are stabilized by resonance

CArboxylic acids are stronger than phenols?

phenol- 2 charges
carboxylate ion- 1 charge——> more stabilized

EWG effect

increases acidity

EDG effect

decreaswes acidic

hybridisation and acidity

sp>sp2>sp3

Formation of anhydride

esterification

why water or ester removed form esterfication reaction?

Le Chatlier principle, move it forward

products?

carboxylic acid and ammonia reaction

PHTHALIC ACID TO PHTHALIMIDE

carboxylic acid reduction

carbocylic acid decraboxylation

sodalime

3:1 NaOH: CaO

kolbes electrolysis

HVZ

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction

carboxylic acid halogenatioon

carbyoxylic acid ring subst for nitration

carbyoxylic acid ring subst for halogenation/br

can carboxylic acid undergo friedel craft reactions?

NO NO, (because the carboxyl group is deactivating and the catalyst aluminium chloride (Lewis acid) gets bonded to the carboxyl group)

for HVZ recation we require…..(hydrogen)

alpha hydrogen