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The Marshall Court
An era of the supreme court led by Chief Justice John Marshall. Known for pushing a federalist agenda and increasing the power and legitimacy of the federal court
Judiciary act of 1801
Adams creates 16 new federal judge positions and tries to fill them with federalist judges.
Midnight Judges
Judges appointed to the supreme court at the very end of Adam's presidency
Marbury vs Madison (1803)
Marbury, a nominated supreme court Justice back, sues Madison because he didn't get the commisions(paperwork) filled out during Adams Presidency. Madison then rejects Adams nomination to make Marbury a judge. The lawsuit goes to the supreme court and John Marshall says they have no jurisdiction to decide if he can become a judge or not because the judicial act of 1801 is unconstutional. Marshall then strikes down the judicial act passed under Adams.
Judicial Review
supreme court can review laws and hold them unconstitutonal or constitutional. This allowed for John Marshall to strike down the judicial act of 1801.
John Marshall
Chief justice of the Supreme court during the Marshall era. Known for pushing a federalist agenda and expanding the powers of the federal court
Fletcher vs Peck (1810)
Two guys get in a land dispute over the selling of land. Supreme court strikes down a georgia law that allowed the land to be repossed because it was unconstitutional. Expands power of judicial review, supreme court can now strike down state laws as well.
McCullough v. Maryland (1819)
Maryland tries to tax the national bank; national bank refuses. Maryland approves the tax, so it goes up to the supreme court. McCullough sues on behalf of national bank, John Marshall sides with the national bank. HesSays the national bank is constitutional because of the necessary and proper clause and Maryland tax is unconstitutional because state governments cannot attempt to control the national government. Means federal government trumps the states
Gibbons vs Ogden (1824)
Gibbons gets liscene from the federal government to have a ferry, Ogden has a liscene from the state government. Both ferries travel across from new jersey to new york. They sue each other. Supreme court has to decide who controls interstate commerce. Marshall says congress regulates interstate commerce. States can regulate commerce in their states, but commerce between states is up to the national government(congress). Gibbons wins because he has a federal license
Jefferson's Presidency
Jefferson kept the national bank and other federalist principles, which many were surprised by. He dealt with the Barbary Pirates, handled the Lousiana Purchase, lowered taxes and cut the excise tax on whisky distillers.
Barbary Pirates
North African Pirates seize trade ships and demand a ransom from the national government to leave ships alone. Jefferson sends in military and takes down the barbary Pirates. They agree to stop ransoming ships
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson sends diplomats to Napoleon to buy New Orleans for 10 million dollars, ends up getting the entire Louisiana territory for only 15 million dollars.
Lewis and Clark
traveled across and explored the Louisiana territory
Madison's Presidency (1809-1817)
Holds the same policies as Jefferson: pretty much a smaller version of him
Quids
Radical democratic-republicans who do not like Jefferson for adopting more federalist ideals.
Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton rights very bad stuff about Burr when he runs for govenor of new York. Burr feels that Hamilton double crossed him for a second time, leading to Burr challenging Hamilton to a duel. Burr Kills Hamilton and gets away with it.
Embargo of 1807
Jefferson cuts all of trade with Britain and France to get rid of the impressment of ships. He hopes that they will realize they need united states products and agree to stop the impressment. The plan backfires and it hurts the American economy.
USS Chesapeake
British ship fires upon and kills men on the USS Chesapeake who were trying to trade with France. Resulted in Jefferson doing the Embargo of 1807
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College and make it public. The Court ruled that the privatization of the college was protected under the U. S. Constitution, so Dartmouth college remained private.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
Macon's Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Causes of the War of 1812
British impressment of US Sailors 2. British violation of neutral waters 3. British incitement of natives(battle of Tippecanoe) 4. War Hawks(young, typically western, democratic republicans who were eager to fight the British)
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
Battle of Tippecanoe
British Backed Tecumseh and the Prophet lead the Shawnee and attack western settlers, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle, ending Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.
"War Hawks"
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Lead by John Calhoun and Henry Clay.
John Calhoun
The main leader of the War Hawks from South Carolina who convinced congress to declare war on Britain.
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who was a Warhawk. Came up with the American system, the Missouri Compromise, and negotiated the treaty of Ghent.
Hartford Convention
Federalists and New Englanders want the war to end and feel that the war was just to increase territory and spread slavery. Propose new amendments. Want to end 3/5ths compromise, one term presidency, get rid of import taxes, and no consecutive presidents from the same state. Lead to the fall of the federalist party.
Market Economy
the invention of the train and canals lead to a much larger market economy, where the market for buying and selling goods was based on supply and demand.
Clermont
the first full-sized commercial steamboat
The Erie Canal
A canal between the New York that connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. It allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. The huge success of this canal led to the building of many more.
New business model for factories and finance
People are paid based on the amount of hours worked, not the amount of goods they produce.
New technologies in transportation
Steamboats, railroads, and canals
New technologies in communication
The telegraph which helped news and information spread faster.
Modern banking and investment
States began chartering banks to pump money into the economy.
New way to view work
you work to make a wage
Price vs. wage
Selling products for a set price based on the product vs making a set amount of money per hour worked
National Road
the first federally funded interstate infrastructure project. The highway was constructed during 1825-1850 and stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
Telegraph
A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances. It gained prevalence in America and transfromed the way information was sent
Lowell Mills
Textile mills located in the factory town of Lowell, Massachusetts. It was created based off successful mills in Britain by Francis Cabot Lowell, who memorized the design of a power-loomed mill while he was in England.
Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans
Because the news of the end of the war by the Treaty of Ghent did not reach America, Jackson slaughtered the British troops in New Orleans while barely loosing any troops. The news of the victory reached Americans before the news of the treaty of Ghent, so Jackson became a huge war hero and icon.
Treaty of Ghent
officially ends the war with Britain. Negotiated and signed in Belgium by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Establishes "status quo ante bellum" (went back to status before the war) - No winners of the war and Natives ended up being the big losers.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
American System
.Henry Clay's idea of strengthening the United States economy; 3 parts
2nd national bank(replaces Hamilton's expire national bank) - Madison agrees; proves the shifting of DR's views
National Improvements - Federal funding for infrastructure nationwide - Madison vetoes, wants it to be up to the states
Tarif of 1816 - Puts tariffs back on national trade; approved
Panic of 1819
Tariff of 1816 slows down national trade - Banks issued out risky loans to settlers in the west - Leads to large foreclosures of loans because of speculation(risky loans) - Large Bank Failures and unemployment runs rampant
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
Tallmadge Amendment
Failed amendment that said Missouri would start of as a slave state, but no more slaves could be brought over. Then, slaves would get freedom once they turned 25.
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy wrote by Monroe's Secretary of state (John Quincy Adams) opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. States
Western Hempishere Nations are different from those in Europe (republics vs monarchies)
If Europe tries to impose itself on any country in the Western Hemisphere, the United States would see it as a threat to their own peace
The United States would stay out of European affiars
Agricultural technologies
The Steel plow and the Mechanical reaper made farming easier and more efficient.
Reasons for growth of cities
Rise of industrialization and factories created many jobs in the cities, plus a decreased need for farmers due to the increase in agricultural technologies.
Free Labor ideology
an idea that people could move up the economic ladder in the North. People could have the potential to work their way up from factory jobs to factory owners. This ideology made northerners feel superior to the hard labor/slave economy in the south
Gabriel's Rebellion
A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.
Vesey's Rebellion (1822)
A slave rebellion planned by Denmark Vesey who was killed however before he could put his plan into effect. His plan was to take over Charleston, SC
Turner's Rebellion (1831)
Nat turner believed god told him to rebel against planation owners. A solar eclipse convinced him to uprise against white people in South Hampton Virginia. He and his followers killed 60 people. His followers and other slaves were executed as punishment.
Immigration in North early 1800's
Huge influx of immigrants starting in 1820. 4 million between 1830 to 1850. Majority from Ireland and Germany. Irish were discriminated against because of their religion. Had to compete with free blacks over jobs in the North East. 1 million German comes to the North west to escape revolution in Germany. They are more skilled and educated than Irish and work on/own farms.
nativists
anti-immigrants - Huge rise in this because huge amounts of immigrants were flowing in and taking jobs .Secret societies pop up that are nativists: Ex; star-spangled banner - Eventually grew into political parties like the Know Nothing party.
Slave preservation of humanity
a high emphasis on family unity, common languages, and religion. Slaves would push back against the 2nd migration to the Midwest, which would break up families. They had pigeon languages, which were combined English and African languages. Slaves would also sign Christian songs. Were majority southern Baptist and loved the passage of Moses freeing slaves in Africa.
Slave Codes
designed to lock down tighter control over slaves to stop them from rebelling - Each state had different slave codes, but all southern states had them - Some made it a crime to teach black people to read or write - Slaves could not leave their plantation - Some made it illegal for slaves to congregate after dark
John C. Calhoun
said slavery was a positive good. He said it was good for the economy, slave owners, and even slaves themselves. Wrote the south Carolina exposition and compromised with Henry Clay to get rid of the tariff of 1828/the tariff of abominations. He was Jackson's vice president for the first term but tried to get south Carolina to succeed, so he was no longer VP after that.
Maysville Road
Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for improving the condition of the road, a major setback in the American System, specifically internal improvements
South Carolina Exposition
A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff.
Daniel Webster
opposed the financial system under Jackson, leader of the Whig party
Jackson's position on land
Jackson believed that federal funds should not be used on land improvements and that it should be up to the state, so he vetoed Maysville road.
Clay and Webster's position
Clay and Webster wanted improvements for land and national infrastructure, like Maysville road.
Jackson's state bank plan
Jackson took specie out of national bank and redistributed it to state banks; vetoed charter for second national bank renewal; led to panic of 1837
Order of Nullification
Jackson's response to the tariff of abominations, passed by the South Carolina legislature in 1832, stated that the tariff of abominations was unconstitutional.
Force Bill
gave the president, Andrew Jackson, power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose. He used the force bill to prevent South Carolina from succeeding.
Connection between secession and state's rights
States in the south wanted to keep their right to own slaves, while northern states wanted to get rid of slaves.
Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1832
A Resolution written by Henry Clay to resolve the nullification crisis. Set to lower tariffs over the next decade. This prevented south Carolina from succeeding.
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
Kitchen Cabinet
A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet".
Martin Van Buren
(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. Mini Andrew Jackson
Roger Taney
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1864-1887
Patronage/Spoils System
supporters/patrons of president are awarded with government positions. Jackson filled important positions with "common men", making the government very inefficient.
Dismantling of the American System
Jackson undid Clay's system. He vetoed internal improvements, renewal of Bank and reduced the tariffs.
Jackson and the Veto
used the veto more than all of the presidents before him combined - instead of vetoing laws that were constitutional, he vetoed laws that he didnt like (ex. maysville road veto, the renewal of the national bank, and national improvements)
Jackson and Native Americans
Passed the 1830 Indian removal Act which put natives on conservations and established the "trail of tears"
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to conservations. The trail or tears killed around 20% of the natives due to harsh conditions.
Worchester v. Georgia
supreme court ruled that Georgia law could not be enforced in the Cherokee nation, but Jackson ignores it and still does the trial of tears.
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Corrupt Bargain
John Quincy Adams because president as a result of Henry Clay convincing the house to vote for him over Jackson. - As a result, Clay becomes secretary of state, very corrupt deal - Southerners and Westerners are outraged at the Corrupt bargain and hate JQA for it (they all wanted Jackson to be president)
1st party system
between roughly 1792 and 1824. featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party (created by Alexander Hamilton) and the Democratic-Republican Party (created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison).
2nd party system
Democrats and Whigs
Democrats v. Whigs
Democrats wanted local rule, limited federal government, and free trade. Hated monopolies, a national bank, high tariffs, and high land prices. Were supported by the southwest and urban workers. Whigs wanted the American system, a national bank, federal funds for internal improvement, and protective tariffs. Don't like crime associated with immigrants. Were supported by New England and Mid-Atlantic states, protestants of english heritage, and urban professionals
Northern Whigs
they thought that the federal government should play a major role in helping economic development. They fully embraced business and factory owners and opposed slavery.
Southern Whigs
opposed states' rights, southern nationalism, and secession. Were pro-slavery and liked a bigger government.
Free Masons
an elite secrete society that were very pro-slavery. Many people believed that they controlled the government and many United States presidents, like Washington, were Free Masons
Anti-Masons
people who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Started to run their own candidates to fight back against the freemasons. Later combined with the whig party.
Workingman's parties
local political organizations in urban cities; opposed private banks, wanted free education and fair taxation.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Specie Circular
Jackson made all lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.
Hard Currency
money that can be readily converted to leading world currencies, like gold.
Speculation
risky loans given out to westerners buying land
Independent Treasury Act
In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.
William Henry Harrison
(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States. He ran with John Tyler "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" He died 30 days into office as a result of a cold he got during his inauguration speech. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
John Tyler
elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845. Was a democrat, but did not really act like one. (add more later)
Increase in voter participation
By 1828, almost all white men could vote. Prior to, there were property requirements to vote. This led to a massive influx of the number of votes. Most of these new voters were factory owners and southerners, so Jackson won the election.
Abolitionism
The movement to end slavery starting picking up in the 1830s. Congress initiated the gag rule of 1836, which meant congress could not talk about slavery. It shut down in 1844, and slavery became a key topic discussed.
Quakers and slavery
Were first group to turn against slavery. Slave owners were disowned and could be expelled from their meetings.
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
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