Reflexes

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except:

whether they are sensory or motor.

Reflexes based on synapses formed at expected times during development are:

innate reflexes.

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?

a polysynaptic reflex.

The stretch reflex is important in:

regulating skeletal muscle length.

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they:

are arranged according to dermatomes.

The flexor reflex:

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

The _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

crossed extensor.

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in order to relax antagonistic muscles in a process called:

reciprocal inhibition.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze.

Tina's knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that:

Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called:

Ipsilateral.

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called:

Contralateral.

The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except:

taste.

Which of the following is not one of the special senses?

vibration.

Central adaptation refers to:

inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

Thermoreceptors:

all of the answers.

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called:

proprioceptors.

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called:

baroreceptors.

A receptor that responds to chemicals dissolved in solution is a:

chemoreceptor.

In order for a sensation to become a perception, it must be received by the:

somatosensory cortex.

Pain is to ______ as cold is to:

nociceptors; thermoreceptors.

Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS:

decreases.

_____ are receptors in the aorta that monitor blood pressure:

Baroreceptors.

Bladder fullness is to _____ as blood pH is to:

baroreceptors; chemoreceptors.

Autonomic motor neurons:

conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as:

thoracolumbar division.

Craniosacral division is another name for the:

parasympathetic division of the ANS.

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a:

preganglionic.

The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the 'rest and digest':

parasympathetic.

Modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the:

adrenal medullae.

The statement 'its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ' is:

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse with:

postganglionic neurons.

Post-ganglionic neurons innervate such things as:

all of the answers.

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the:

vagus nerves.

Sympathetic nerves:

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.

The adrenal medullae secrete:

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The statement 'Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter.' is:

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving:

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon:

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

The statement 'It controls the diameter of the pupil.' is:

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating:

excessive heart rate.

Parasympathetic stimulation:

increases gastric motility.

During sympathetic activation:

all of the answers.

A person is confronted by a dangerous situation. These signs are the result of:

all of the answers.

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called:

adrenergic.