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Republican Control
The trend during the 1920s where the Republican Party dominated the presidency and Congress, promoting policies that favored business and economic growth.
William Harding
One of the three Republican presidents during the 1920s, served from 1921-1923, and is known for his efforts to return the nation to normalcy after World War I, though his presidency was marred by scandals.
Calvin Coolidge
Republican president who believed in limited government and embraced the business doctrine, known for his quote, 'The business of America is business,' and for overseeing a period of economic prosperity.
Herbert Hoover
Last Republican president of the 1920s, known for his belief in rugged individualism and his efforts to combat the Great Depression, which many view as inadequate.
Business Doctrine
The belief that economic development and growth are best led by businesses with minimal government intervention, reflecting a hands-off approach to the economy.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A major political scandal during the Harding administration, involving Secretary of Interior Albert Fall accepting bribes from oil companies for leases on federal oil reserves.
Washington Naval Conference
A diplomatic conference held from 1921 to 1922 aimed at naval disarmament, attended by the world's major powers to prevent an arms race.
Five Power Treaty
An agreement that limited naval tonnage for the five largest navies (United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Italy) and established a ten-year moratorium on new battleship construction.
Nine Power Treaty
A treaty that reaffirmed the open-door policy in China, ensuring that all signatory nations would respect China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
1922 law that raised tariffs on foreign goods by 25%, aimed at protecting American industries but led to retaliatory tariffs from other countries.
National Origins Act of 1924
Legislation that set strict quotas for immigration based on nationality, heavily restricting immigration from eastern and southern Europe and aimed at preserving the so-called American racial and cultural composition.
Dawes Plan of 1924
A plan formulated to handle German reparations following World War I, it involved American loans to Germany to stabilize its economy and facilitate reparations payments to Allied nations.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
An international agreement signed in 1928 attempting to outlaw war as a means of resolving conflicts; however, it proved ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanisms.
Dollar Diplomacy
U.S. foreign policy aimed at promoting American business interests abroad through economic measures rather than military intervention, especially in Latin American and East Asian countries.
Scopes Trial
A landmark 1925 legal case in which teacher John Scopes was prosecuted in Tennessee for teaching evolution, reflecting the clash between modern science and religious beliefs.
Prohibition
The nationwide ban on the sale, production, and transportation of alcohol in the United States from 1920 to 1933, established by the 18th Amendment.
Nativism
A reactionary movement against new immigrants in the U.S., characterized by xenophobia, skepticism towards immigrant cultures, and the rise of groups like the KKK who resisted immigration.
Harlem Renaissance
A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement in the 1920s characterized by a flourishing of African American art, music, and literature, with key figures like Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington.
Lost Generation
A group of American writers and artists who emerged after World War I, notably critical of consumerism and traditional values, including prominent figures such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Flappers
Young women of the 1920s known for challenging traditional gender roles, their fashion, and social behavior, embodying the spirit of freedom and liberation that characterized the decade.
Eugenics
The belief and scientific theory that advocated for the improvement of the genetic quality of the human population, historically used to justify forced sterilizations and discriminatory practices.
Stock Market Crash of 1929
The catastrophic decline in stock prices in October 1929, which marked the beginning of the Great Depression and led to widespread financial devastation in the U.S. and beyond.
Uneven Income Distribution
The significant disparity in income levels among various segments of the U.S. population that contributed to economic instability and the severity of the Great Depression.
Rural Poverty
One of the major issues during the Great Depression, caused by overproduction in agriculture and falling prices, which led to widespread hardship for farmers, particularly in the Midwest.
Reparations and War Debts
Financial obligations resulting from World War I, where Germany had to pay reparations, complicating economic recovery for both Germany and its creditor nations during the Great Depression.
Hoover's Rugged Individualism
The philosophy promoted by President Herbert Hoover that advocated for self-reliance and individual initiative, suggesting that people should rely on their own efforts rather than federal aid during economic crises.
Bonus Army
A group of over 40,000 World War I veterans who marched to Washington D.C. in 1932, demanding immediate payment of bonuses owed to them for their military service.
New Deal
A series of transformative policies and programs initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform to address the challenges of the Great Depression.
First New Deal
The initial phase of FDR's New Deal, focused on economic relief and recovery through various programs aimed at stabilizing the economy and assisting individuals and businesses.
Second New Deal
The later phase of FDR's New Deal that emphasized long-term reforms to prevent future economic crises, including social reforms and the establishment of social security.
American Liberty League
A conservative organization founded in 1934 that opposed the New Deal, arguing that it represented an overreach of government power and infringed on individual liberties.
Social Security Act
A significant piece of legislation passed in 1935 that established a social insurance program to provide financial assistance to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed in response to criticisms of the New Deal.
Court-Packing Plan
FDR's controversial proposal in 1937 to expand the Supreme Court by adding more justices to secure favorable rulings for his New Deal policies, which drew widespread criticism and backlash.
Roosevelt Recession
The economic downturn that occurred during 1937-1938, attributed to fiscal tightening measures such as tax increases and reduced government spending after a period of recovery.
Legacy of the New Deal
The lasting impact of FDR's policies which significantly expanded the role of government in the economy, led to the establishment of a social safety net, and created new political coalitions.
Eugenics Movement
A widespread scientific theory in the early 20th century that advocated for selective breeding and was used to justify forced sterilizations and discriminatory laws, facing backlash and criticism in its wake.
Prohibition Era
The period during which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were constitutionally outlawed due to the 18th Amendment, leading to various social issues including organized crime.
Calvin Coolidge's Beliefs
Calvin Coolidge espoused a minimalist government approach, famously asserting that 'the business of America is business,' reflecting his administration's pro-business policies and laissez-faire economics.
Al Capone
A notorious gangster during the Prohibition era, who led organized crime in Chicago and became a symbol of the corruption and criminal activity that accompanied the prohibition of alcohol.
Volstead Act
Legislation passed in 1919 to provide for the enforcement of Prohibition, defining intoxicating liquors and setting regulations for alcohol control.
Farm Board
A government agency established during the Great Depression aimed at stabilizing agricultural prices by purchasing surpluses and promoting cooperative marketing.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
A government program created in 1932 that provided financial support to banks and businesses to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression.
Economic Nationalism
An economic policy approach focused on prioritizing domestic economic interests over foreign concerns, particularly during times of economic distress.
Francis Townsend
A physician and social reformer who was a critic of the New Deal, advocating for a pension plan for the elderly, which influenced the creation of Social Security.
Huey Long
A Louisiana senator known for his populist policies and proposals like the 'Share Our Wealth' program aimed at wealth redistribution and economic equality.
Ernest Hemingway
A key figure of the Lost Generation, renowned for his economical prose and themes of disillusionment, famously known for novels like 'The Old Man and the Sea.'
Langston Hughes
A prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance, celebrated for his poetry, novels, and advocacy for African American culture and rights.
NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act)
A major piece of New Deal legislation aimed at stimulating economic recovery through public works programs, although it was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Dame School
An informal educational setting for young children, often run by women in their homes, prevalent in America before the establishment of formal public schools.
Hoovervilles
Makeshift shantytowns that emerged during the Great Depression, named derisively after President Hoover, consisting of makeshift homes for those who lost their livelihoods.
Charles Evans Hughes
The U.S. Secretary of State during the early 1920s known for his leadership in hosting the Washington Naval Conference, aiming to prevent naval arms race.
Albert Fall
The Secretary of the Interior involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, later convicted of bribery, marking a significant scandal in U.S. political history.
Buying on Margin
An investment practice in which investors purchase stocks by borrowing money, contributing to the stock market speculation that led to the 1929 crash.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
The 1930 act that increased tariffs on imports, which worsened the international economic situation by stifling global trade.
Laissez-Faire
An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, promoting the idea that free markets lead to more efficient outcomes.
Labor Unions in 1920s
Organizations that emerged to advocate for workers' rights, gaining momentum during the economic boom but facing a backlash as anti-union sentiments grew.
Social issues of the 1920s
Included significant cultural conflicts over immigration, race relations, and changing societal values amid the fast pace of technological and economic change.
Dawes Plan's Failure
The plan to stabilize Germany's economy that ultimately failed due to its reliance on American loans, exposing the fragility of international economic dependence.
Branches of the New Deal
The New Deal consisted of relief, recovery, and reform efforts targeting various aspects of the economy and social welfare to ameliorate the effects of the Great Depression.
Calvin Coolidge's Presidency
Characterized by economic prosperity during the 1920s, Coolidge believed in limited government and a strong relationship with business leaders.
Clara Bow
An iconic silent film actress of the 1920s, often credited as a key figure in the flapper movement and symbolizing the changing roles of women.
Literary Modernism
A stylistic movement in the 1920s that redefined traditional themes in literature, emphasizing new forms, perspectives, and experiences.
Resurgence of KKK
The revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s as a nativist, white supremacist organization, fueled by the growing anti-immigrant and anti-urban sentiments of the time.
Federal Reserve's Role
The Federal Reserve's policies concerning interest rates and credit management had a significant impact on economic conditions during the 1920s and into the Great Depression.
Impact of WWI on Society
The aftermath of World War I prompted a cultural introspection in the 1920s, leading to modernist movements as artists and writers reflected on the war's impact on society.
Dance Halls of the 1920s
Popular venues where young people gathered to socialize and dance, often characterized by jazz music and flapper culture, reflecting the social changes of the period.
Grand Ole Opry
A pioneering radio program that began in the 1920s, which popularized country music and greatly influenced American culture and the music industry.
Labor Market in 1920s
Characterized by significant employment and economic growth, yet marked by conflicts, strikes, and disputes over labor rights as workers organized for better conditions.
Consumerism in the 1920s
A dramatic rise in the consumption of goods and services, driven by increased production, advertising, and the availability of credit, transforming American society.
Cultural Conflict
Manifested in clashes between traditional values and modern ideas, exemplified by events like the Scopes Trial, which highlighted deep societal divisions.
Voting Rights Movement
An emerging advocacy for women's and minorities' voting rights, driven by new social norms and the push for greater equality in the early to mid-20th century.
Prejudice against Immigrants
A growing sentiment of nativism and hostility towards immigrants in the 1920s, as many viewed them as detrimental to American culture and society.
Women’s Rights in the 1920s
With the rise of flappers and new social freedoms, women began to challenge traditional norms, advocating for independence and greater participation in public life.
Impact of the Great Depression
Led to mass unemployment, increased poverty, and significant shifts in American societal structures, prompting widespread calls for economic reforms.
Civilian Conservation Corps
A key New Deal program that provided jobs for young men through the implementation of environmental projects, contributing to conservation efforts while addressing unemployment.
WPA (Works Progress Administration)
A major New Deal agency responsible for creating jobs by funding public works projects ranging from construction to the arts, having a long-lasting impact on infrastructure.
Role of Railroads in the 1920s
Served as a critical infrastructure for transportation and economic growth, while facing challenges from the rise of automobiles and aviation, reshaping American mobility.
