Kime Unit 9 outlines

Unit 9 Day 1 Outline
I. The 1920s
A. Politics
1. Republican Control & the Business Doctrine
a. 3 republican presidents during the decade
i. William Harding
ii. Calvin Coolidge
iii. Herbert Hoover
b. Republicans were dominant in Congress too
c. general belief among Republicans was that the nation would benefit if
business took the lead in developing the economy
d. there was a business boom in the 20s due to
i. increased productivity
ii. increased use of oil and electricity
iii. laissez-faire attitude of the government
e. effects of the economic growth
i. unemployment was low (below 4%)
ii. standard of living improved
iii. indoor plumbing and central heating became more common
iv. income for the middle and working classes improved
2. The Harding Presidency (1921-1923)
a. Campaigned on a “return to normalcy”
b. presidency marked by scandal corruption
i. Teapot Dome scandal
• Secretary of Interior Albert Fall had accepted bribes for granting
oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming
• Attorney General Harry Daugherty took bribes to not prosecute
certain criminal suspects
• Harding died suddenly of a heart attack in August 1923 before
the scandals were uncovered and he was never officially
implicated
3. The Coolidge Presidency (1923-1928)
a. believed in limited government
b. embraced the business doctrine
i. “The chief business of the American people is business.”
B. Foreign Policy
1. Washington Naval Conference
a. considered the greatest achievement of the Harding presidency
b. Hosted by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes
c. Topic was disarmament
d. Nations that attended included Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy,
Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal
e. Several treaties were signed
i. Five Power Treaty

• The nations with the 5 largest navies (U.S., Great Britain, France,
Japan, & Italy) in the world agreed to maintain their current
tonnage and agreed not to build any new ships for 10 years
• Britain and the U.S. agreed not to fortify their possessions in the
Pacific and agreed to respect each other’s territory in the Pacific
ii. Nine Power Treaty
• All nations agreed to respect the open-door policy in China
2. Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
a. increased taxes on foreign goods by 25%
b. foreign nations retaliated with tariffs on U.S. goods
3. National Origins Act of 1924
a. over a million immigrants entered the country between 1919 and 1921
i. mostly Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe
ii. fueled the Red Scare of 1919
iii. led to increased nativism
b. limited immigration by setting quotas based on nationality
i. limited immigration visas to 2% of the total number of people of each
nationality in the U.S. as of the 1890 census
4. Dawes Plan of 1924
a. addressed the issue of war debts and reparations
b. U.S. expected her European allies to pay back loans ($10 billion) made during
WWI
c. Allies said they couldn’t
d. act was intended as a compromise
e. U.S. banks and businesses were encouraged to lend and invest in Germany so
that she could rebuild and recover in order to pay its reparations to the allies
who then could pay back the money it borrowed from the U.S.
f. ultimately failed; only Finland fully paid back the U.S.
5. Kellogg-Briand Pact (aka Pact of Paris of 1928)
a. negotiated between the U.S. and France
b. renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends
c. an attempt to outlaw offensive wars
d. eventually 62 nations signed
d. ultimately failed because it did not outlaw defensive wars and it failed to
provide for taking action against violators of the agreement
6. Dollar Diplomacy
a. U.S. used diplomacy to advance American business interests in Latin America
and the Middle East

Unit 9 Day 2 Outline
I. The 1920s
C. Cultures in Conflict
1. The Scopes Trial
a. John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school in
violation of the Butler Act
b. Clarence Darrow defended Scopes while William Jennings Bryan represented
the state of Tennessee in the highly publicized trial
c. case revealed deep divisions between religious fundamentalists in rural areas
and urban modern secularists
c. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 although the conviction was later
overturned on a technicality
d. But conservatives lost in the court of public opinion
2. Prohibition
a. 18th Amendment was ratified in 1919 and went into effect in 1920
i. the Volstead Act passed by Congress to enforce the amendment
b. supporters saw the amendment as a victory for health, morals, and Christian
values
c. but in urban areas it became fashionable to defy the law by going to
speakeasies and purchasing bootleg liquor
i. led to the spread of organized crime
ii. Al Capone led one of the largest organized crime gangs in Chicago
• Solidified his power in the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929
• Eventually Capone was arrested and convicted of tax evasion in
1931
3. Nativism
a. backlash against new immigrants to the U.S.
b. led to the first quota laws in the U.S.
c. spurred a resurgence in the KKK
i. Had 5 million members in 1925
ii. Spread to the Midwest
iii. Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and
communists
4. Intellectual Modernism
a. horrors of WWI prompted many to question long-standing
assumptions about civilization, progress, the alleged superiority of
Western culture, and what it meant to be America
b. created a division between modernity and tradition
c. Harlem Renaissance
i. Outpouring of art, music, and literature by African Americans
ii. Championed racial pride
iii. Brought portrayals of African Americans’ daily lives, aspirations, and
anger to urban America
iv. Gave voice to what it meant to be black in America
v. Artists included Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Louis
Armstrong, Aaron Douglas, Bessie Smith

5. Lost Generation
a. Artists, writers, and intellectuals that were critical of the decade’s
consumerism and emphasis on material wealth
b. Explored darker themes such as the futility of war, the dark side of the human
psyche, and the hypocrisy of small-town and rural life
c. Included Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O’Neill, Sinclair Lewis, and F. Scott
Fitzgerald
6. Flappers
a. Young women that challenged traditional gender roles
b. Inspired by silent movie stars such as Clara Bow
c. Cut their hair short, shortened their skirts, wore make-up, danced, smoked,
and drank in public.
d. Only a small minority of women but an influential symbol of women’s sexual
and social emancipation through movies and advertising
7. Eugenics
a. used ideas from evolutionary biology to “prove” that some ethnic groups
were more highly evolved than others
b. championed by Francis Galton in the 1880s in the U.K. then spread to the U.S.
c. supporters argued that it provided scientific justification for immigration
restrictions, racial segregation in the South, and forced sterilization of those
deemed “unfit”
i. By 1924, 21 states had laws that permitted the involuntary
sterilization of individuals deemed unfit or feeble-minded living in
state institutions
ii. the constitutionality of these laws were challenged in Buck v. Bell
(1927)
• Laws were upheld by the Supreme Court
iii. more than 70,000 (predominantly women of color) were forcibly
sterilized in the 20th century
iv. Approx. 1/3 of all sterilizations took place in CA
d. interest faded in the 1930s as Adolf Hitler embraced the idea of Eugenics and
used it as the basis for his anti-Semitic and anti-Slavic efforts to achieve a
“pure” race

Unit 9 Day 3 Outline
I. The Great Depression
A. Long-term Causes
1. Rural poverty
a. too much agricultural production led to falling prices
2. Uneven Income distribution
a. not everyone benefitted equally from the boom years of the 1920s
b. 5% of the population enjoyed 30% of national income
c. wages did not keep pace with productivity in the 1920s so many Americans
were too poor to purchase all of the new consumer goods being produced
i. the development of installment plans or buying on credit (“buy now,
pay later”) made the economy look healthier than it actually was
3. A slowing economy
a. business people began to realize that there was overproduction of consumer
goods at the end of the decade which led to cutbacks in production so
unemployment rose
b. Rising unemployment led to the failure of smaller businesses and a slowdown
in the construction industry
c. rising unemployment means less income, which means no money to spend,
which leads to less production and rising unemployment
B. Stock Market Crash of 1929
1. stock market boomed in the 1920s; stocks quadruped in value
2. led many to buy stock “on margin” (meaning on credit)
3. as signs began to show that the economy was slowing, some sold their stock causing
prices to fall which led many to panic and many dumped their stock causing stock
prices to plummet
4. the banking system fell into chaos as banks tried to collect on loans made to stock
market investor whose stock were now worth little or nothing
a. worse, many banks had invested depositors’ money in the stock market
b. depositors rushed to withdraw their money from banks
c. unable to raise fresh funds, banks failed
C. Factors that made the Depression Worse
1. Reparations & War Debts
a. The Dawes Plan tied the U.S. economy to Europe
b. the Young Plan (1929) was an attempt to renegotiate the 1924 Dawes Plan
that lowered Germany’s reparation payments
c. when the stock market crashed in the U.S. American loans dried up and
Germany defaulted on its reparation payments and then the allied nations
defaulted on its war debts owed to the U.S.
2. Protectionism
a. U.S. had already raised tariffs on foreign goods with the Fordney-McCumber
tariff in the 1920s
b. U.S. passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff raised tariffs even futher
c. foreign nations retaliated further
d. global trade declined by 66% between 1930-34.
D. Effects
1. GNP declined over 50%

2. Approx. 20% of all banks closed wiping out $10 million in deposits
3. by 1933, the unemployment rate reached 13 million or 25% of the workforce
4. marriage and birth rates fell
5. homelessness increased
a. emergence of “hoovervilles” in urban areas
E. Hoover’s response
1. believed “prosperity is just around the corner”
2. encouraged “rugged individualism”
a. the nation would survive by working together
b. asked business to not cut wages, unions not to strike, and private charities to
increase their efforts for the needy and jobless
3. The Federal Farm Board
a. authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus
grain and cotton in storage
b. program was to modest in size to be effective
4. Reconstruction Finance Board
a. federally funded government owned corporation that lent money to
railroads, banks, and insurance companies
b. hope that these benefits would “trickle down” to smaller businesses and
individuals
c. once again the program was largely ineffective
5. the Bonus Army
a. thousands of unemployed WWI veterans marched on Washington to demand
the immediate payment of promised bonus for their service in the war
b. set up a camp near the capitol
c. Hoover ordered the army to break up the encampment after two veterans
were killed in a clash with police
d. tanks and tear gas were used against the veterans
e. incident hurts Hoover’s change of re-election in 1932
F. Roosevelt’s response
1. the New Deal
a. crafted by FDR’s “brain trust”
b. 3 goals
1. relief – immediate assistance for individuals
2. recovery – for businesses
3. reform – to prevent this crisis from happening in the future

Unit 9 Day 4 Outline

I. The Great Depression

F. Roosevelt’s response

1. the New Deal

a. crafted by FDR’s “brain trust”

b. 3 goals

1. relief – immediate assistance for individuals

2. recovery – for businesses

3. reform – to prevent this crisis from happening in the future

c. The First New Deal

1. announced through a fireside chat

i. 31 radio addresses to the American people

2. 1933-1935

3. focus was on relieve and recovery

4. emphasis on economic nationalism – solve the economic problems of

the U.S. first

d. The Second New Deal

1. 1935-1937

2. emphasis on reform

2. Critics of the New Deal

a. Conservative critics believed the New Deal did too much

1. The American Liberty League

i. saw the New Deal as an overreach of federal authority

ii. saw the New Deal as socialism

iii. argued the New Deal was too expensive

2. Herbert Hoover

i. also argued the New Deal was too expensive

3. Henry Ford

i. concerned the New Deal would make the American people

too dependent upon the government

b. Liberal critics believed the New Deal did too little

1. Father Charles Coughlin

i. argued the New Deal helped businesses and banks more than

it helped the poor

2. Dr. Francis Townsend

i. argued the New Deal did too little for the elderly

ii. his criticisms led to the Social Security Act

3. Senator Huey Long

i. argued the New Deal did too little for the poor

ii. proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program to provide a

universal basic income ($5,000/year)

3. Waning of the New Deal

a. FDR’s failed court-packing plan

1. 7 Supreme Court cases declared New Deal legislation unconstitutional

such as the AAA and the NIRA

2. FDR proposed expanding the size of the court from 9 to 15

3. there was significant backlash from both Republicans and DemocratsUnit 9 Day 4 Outline

I. The Great Depression

F. Roosevelt’s response

1. the New Deal

a. crafted by FDR’s “brain trust”

b. 3 goals

1. relief – immediate assistance for individuals

2. recovery – for businesses

3. reform – to prevent this crisis from happening in the future

c. The First New Deal

1. announced through a fireside chat

i. 31 radio addresses to the American people

2. 1933-1935

3. focus was on relieve and recovery

4. emphasis on economic nationalism – solve the economic problems of

the U.S. first

d. The Second New Deal

1. 1935-1937

2. emphasis on reform

2. Critics of the New Deal

a. Conservative critics believed the New Deal did too much

1. The American Liberty League

i. saw the New Deal as an overreach of federal authority

ii. saw the New Deal as socialism

iii. argued the New Deal was too expensive

2. Herbert Hoover

i. also argued the New Deal was too expensive

3. Henry Ford

i. concerned the New Deal would make the American people

too dependent upon the government

b. Liberal critics believed the New Deal did too little

1. Father Charles Coughlin

i. argued the New Deal helped businesses and banks more than

it helped the poor

2. Dr. Francis Townsend

i. argued the New Deal did too little for the elderly

ii. his criticisms led to the Social Security Act

3. Senator Huey Long

i. argued the New Deal did too little for the poor

ii. proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program to provide a

universal basic income ($5,000/year)

3. Waning of the New Deal

a. FDR’s failed court-packing plan

1. 7 Supreme Court cases declared New Deal legislation unconstitutional

such as the AAA and the NIRA

2. FDR proposed expanding the size of the court from 9 to 15

3. there was significant backlash from both Republicans and Democrats

4. opponents called the court-packing plan the dictator bill

5. bill failed

b. the “Roosevelt” recession (1937-1938)

1. between 1933 and 1937 the economy showed signs of improvement

2. but in the winter the economy contracted due to the new Social

Security tax and cut backs in government spending

3. Republicans capitalized by blaming FDR and his New Deal which led

to more democrats being elected into office in 1938

4. events in Europe began to divert the government’s and public’s

attention

4. Legacy of the New Deal

a. What it accomplished

1. expanded the role of the federal government in the economy

2. created a new Democratic political coalition made up of the South,

Blacks, urbanites, and the poor

3. restored confidence of the American people and gave hope for a

better future

b. What it did not accomplish

1. end the depression

2. transform capitalism radically

3. end poverty

4. address issues of racial and gender inequality