apush ch 24+25

Industrialization Benefits

Economic growth, technological advancements, and job creation.

Industrialization Costs

Unsafe working conditions, pollution, depletion of natural resources, and economic inequality.

Technology Impact

Railroad expansion, steel industry growth, electricity, and communication advancements increased productivity and opened new markets.

Labor Movement Causes

Poor working conditions, economic inequality, and lack of labor laws.

Labor Movement Successes

Creation of labor laws and growth of unions like the AFL and NLU.

African Americans in Gilded Age

Limited progress due to segregation and discrimination, efforts to advance civil rights.

Immigrants in Gilded Age

Provided labor for industrial growth but faced discrimination and poor working conditions.

Women in Gilded Age

Increased workforce participation led to changes in gender roles and greater influence in social and political reform.

Major Railroad Companies

Key players in the expansion of the transcontinental railroad and the railroad industry.

• Transcontinental Railroad

• Union Pacific Railroad

• Northern Pacific Railroad

• Southern Pacific Railroad 

• The Great Northern Railroad

• The Aitchison

Interstate Commerce Act

Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates publicly

Stock Watering

When railroad stock promoters would largely inflate their claims about a given line’s assets and profitability and sold their stock/bonds for a way higher price than compared to the railroad’s actual value.

Horizontal Integration

allying with competitors to monopolize the market

Vertical Integration

Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing

Trust

• A group of corporations run by a single board of directors,

  •  monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

Interlocking Directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company

Bessemer-Kelly Process

• When cold air was blown onto hot iron causing it to become white-hot by igniting the carbon = elimination of impurities

  • 1850s method of cheap steel

Heavy Industry

Focus on producing capital goods rather than consumer goods.

Consumer Goods

Products purchased for personal consumption.

Standard Oil Company

• Oil company that controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the US (by 1877)

• Symbolized the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age

  • Formed in 1870 by Rockefeller

Social Darwinism

The idea that people gained wealth by “survival of the fittest”, the wealthy had won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor.

Gospel of Wealth

• Essay by Carnegie that stated that the wealthy had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

  • Foundational philosophy

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business (1890)

• One of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good

  • At first to restrain trade unions, later against monopolistic practice

National Labor Union

• The first National labor organization in US history (1866-1872)

  • Fought for an 8-hour workday

Knights of Labor

• The second national lobar organization 

  • Started as a secret society and opened into the public in 1881

  • Known for efforts to organize all workers, no matter their skill level, gender, or race

Haymarket Square

• A rally that turned violent after someone threw a bomb, killing dozens of people

  • 8 Anarchists were arrested for conspiracy

American Federation of Labor

• A national federation of trade unions → only for skilled workers (1886) (almost all white/male)

• Led by Samuel Gompers = sought to negotiate w/ employers for a better kind of capitalism 

  • Rewarded workers w/ better wages, hours, and conditions

Open vs Closed Shop

• Open Shop: hiring non-union and union labor 

• Closed Shop: hiring all union labor

Urbanization

• the process of rural communities growing to form cities

  • growth + expansion 

    • causes: influx of immigrations, industrialization

New Immigration

• Immigrants were coming from:

  • Italy

  • Isreal

  • Croatia

  • Slovakia

  • Greece

  • Poland

    • All countries w/ little democracy 

• 19% at first → 66% of all immigrants by the 1900s 

  • Cities:

    • New York City

    • Chicago

• 1820-1890 → Northwestern Europe (OLD)

• 1890-1920 →Southeastern Europe + Asia (NEW)

Tenements

• Single family apartments that were overcrowded and rooms were shared with multiple families 

  • disgusting/dangerous conditions

Settlement Houses

• Inter-city educational + social service institutions (started in Chicago)

  • became centers of women’s movements/activism + social reform

Hull House

• most well known settlement houses created by Jane Addams 

  • combo of daycare + salvation army + community college + helped people learn English

Know-Nothings

• anti-immigration/ anti-foreign organizations + American Protective Association 

  • urged for voting against political canditiaties of Roman Catholic Church

  • organized labor movement against immigration

YMCA/YWCA

• Religious-affliated organizations: Young Men’s + Women’s Christian Associations

  • founded before the Civil War but → grew expotentially and appeared in almost every city in the US 

    • provided physical instruction + religious instruction (education)

Tuskegee Institute

• Industrial school in Alabama (started w/ 40 students → became nationally recognized)

  • Head/ Champion of Black Education = Booker T Washington (ex-slave)

    • taught useful trades →to gain self respect/ economic security

Land-Grant Colleges

• Morrill Act of 1862 → provided public lands to states for support of education

• Hatch Act of 1887 →extended Morrill Act to provide federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations w/ connections to the land-grant colleges

  • later became known as “state universities”:

    • UC’s, Ohio State, Texas A&M

Pragmatism

• writing by William James 

  • pronounced America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy →that the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences

NAACP

• National Association for the Advacement of Colored People

  • founded by DuBois in 1909 

    • demanded for complete equality of blacks, socially + economically 

    • the “talented tenth” of the black community should be given full/ immediate access to the mainstream of American life

Muckraker

• A journalist who uncovers abuses + corruption in a society → politics and big businesses

  • wrote “the octopus” in 1901 which described the power of he railroads over Western farmers

Yellow Journalism

• journalism based upon sensationalism + crude exaggeration

  • used mainly by Joseph Pulitzer when he designed the LPD + NYW 

    • colored comics ft. yellow kid

National American Woman Suffrage Association

• founded in 1890 by miltant suffragists 

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton + Susan B Anthony 

    • “women deserved the wote as a matter of right bc they were in all respects the equals of men”

    • helped create womens suffrage in multiple states and passed laws to permit wives to own and control their property after marriage

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

• organized in 1874 by militant women → helped to prohibit alcohol in 18th ammendment in the country 

• blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, + violence against women/children

  • Frances E Willard + Carrie A. Nation

Realism

artisitc movement of the 19th century where writers and painters wanted to show life as it is instead of how it should be

Naturalism

• intense literary response that emphasized the determinative influence of heredity and social enviroments in shaping character 

  • extension of realism

Regionalism

sought to record facts about the peculiarities of local way sof life before industrialization standards

Prohibition Movement

• National Prohibition Movement → 1869 

• WCTU → 1874

  • Symbol: white ribbon, shows purity 

• Anti-Saloon League → 1893

Jane Addams

• OG founder of Settlement House Movement 

• 1st US Woman to earn Nobel Prize →1931 bc President of WILPF

Booker T Washington

• Black American born into slavery

  • Belief: that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value 

  • Head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 

  • Wrote the book “Up from Slavery”.

W.E.B DuBois

• Head of the NAACP in 1910 

  • Rose to national attention bc of opposition to BT Washingotn

  • Belief: social integration between whites and blacks/ increased political representation in order to gurantee civil rights

Carrie Chapman Catt

• Leader of new gen of women who wanted to fight for suffrage 

  • Suffragists, under her, deemphasize argument that women deserved vote as matter of right bc they were all in respect as = of men 

  • Stressed the giving women votes if they were to continue to discharge traditional duties as mothers in public world of city

Mark Twain

• Writer and humorists

  • used realistic fiction in novels, “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn”

Buffalo Bill

• William F Cody

• American adventurer, soldier, and showman 

  • Wild West Show w/ acts like the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battle, + cowboy skills/ horsemanship

    • toured US, Canada, + Europe 

    • most popular wild west show

Joseph Pulitzer

• creator of the “New York World” cut the $$$ so people could afford it 

  • ft. color comics + yellow journalism 

  • used yellow journalism in competition w/ Hearst to sell more newspapers

• achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party

William Randolph Hearst

leading newspaperman of his times

• ran the “New York Journal” + helped create/propagat “yellow journalism”

Horatio Alger

• 19th century American author who was best known for many juvenile novels about impoverished boy + their rise from humble beginnings → middle class

Frederick Law Olmstead

• Designer of NYC Central Park 

  • wanted cities to expose people to the beauties of nature 

    • another project, Chicago Columbian Exposition (1893) → led to the rise to the “City Beautiful” movement

Liberal Protestants

• branch of Protestantism → 1875 - 1925

  • encouraged followers to use the Bible as moral compass

  • were active in the “social gospel” + other reforms