apush ch 24+25

1. Did the benefits of industrialization outweigh the costs of industrialization? Why or  why not? 

   • Benefits outweighed the costs. 

     • Benefits:

       • Economic growth/ wealth 

       • Technological advancements

       • Job creation/industry 

     • Costs:

       • Unsafe working conditions

       • Pollution + depletion of natural resources (oil, etc.)

       • Economic inequality (gospel of wealth, monopolies, etc.)

2. How did developments in technology impact industrialization in the United States? 

   • Technology:

     • Railroad expansion (transcontinental)

     • Steel Industry

     • Electricity

     • Communication (telegraph/phones)

   • Impact:

     • More productivity, reducing costs, and opening up for new markets/industries, new job opportunities.

3. What were the causes for the development of the labor movement during the Gilded  Age? How successful was the movement in advocating for workers’ rights?

   • Causes:

     • Poor/unsafe working conditions (long hours + low wages)

     • Economic inequality (wealth gap)

     • No labor laws (few regulations to protect workers)

   • Successes:

     • Labor laws being created over time, due to protests for them 

     • Union growth (AFL + NLU)

4. How did minority groups and women see their roles and statuses shift during the  Gilded Age? 

   • African Americans:

     • Limited progress bc of segregation + discrimination (mainly South)

     • Tried to advance civil rights and improve economic opportunities

   • Immigrants: 

     • Provided for much of the labor force = industrial growth 

     • Still discriminated against + poor work conditions

   • Women: 

     • More entering workforce → allowed for change in traditional gender roles 

     • Growth of influence in social/political atmospheres bc of their roles in advocacy and reform

The Major RxR Companies:

• Transcontinental Railroad

• Union Pacific Railroad

• Northern Pacific Railroad

• Southern Pacific Railroad 

• The Great Northern Railroad

• The Aitchison

Wabash v. Illinois

• Decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Interstate Commerce Act

• Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates publicly

Stock Watering

• When railroad stock promoters would largely inflate their claims about a given line’s assets and profitability and sold their stock/bonds for a way higher price than compared to the railroad’s actual value. 

Horizontal Integration:

• Allying with competitors to monopolize the market 

Vertical Integration:

• Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing 

Trust: 

• A group of corporations run by a single board of directors,

  •  monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

Interlocking Directorates:

• The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company

Bessemer-Kelly Process:

• When cold air was blown onto hot iron causing it to become white-hot by igniting the carbon = elimination of impurities

  • 1850s method of cheap steel 

Heavy Industry:

• Focused on making capital goods very distinct from the production of consumer goods. 

Consumer Goods:

• Products bought for consumption by the average consumer

Standard Oil Company:

• Oil company that controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the US (by 1877)

• Symbolized the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age

  • Formed in 1870 by Rockefeller 

Social Darwinism:

• The idea that people gained wealth by “survival of the fittest”, the wealthy had won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor.

Gospel  of Wealth:

• Essay by Carnegie that stated that the wealthy had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

  • Foundational philosophy

Sherman Anti-Trust Act:

• A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business (1890)

• One of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good

  • At first to restrain trade unions, later against monopolistic practice 

National Labor Union:

• The first National labor organization in US history (1866-1872)

  • Fought for an 8-hour workday 

Knights of Labor:

• The second national lobar organization 

  • Started as a secret society and opened into the public in 1881

  • Known for efforts to organize all workers, no matter their skill level, gender, or race 

Haymarket  Square:

• A rally that turned violent after someone threw a bomb, killing dozens of people

  • 8 Anarchists were arrested for conspiracy 

American Federation of Labor:

• A national federation of trade unions → only for skilled workers (1886) (almost all white/male)

• Led by Samuel Gompers = sought to negotiate w/ employers for a better kind of capitalism 

  • Rewarded workers w/ better wages, hours, and conditions

Open vs. Closed Shop:

• Open Shop: hiring non-union and union labor 

• Closed Shop: hiring all union labor 

Completion of Transcontinental Railroad:

• $ process w/ gov’t funding

• Built railroads in densely populated area 

• Finished in 1869

  • Consisted of the central + union pacific co. 

  • Allowed close connection of the west to the Union

Haymarket Square Riot:

• A clash between police + labor protests in Chicago

  • Protested for the killing/wounded of several workers the day before @ Haymarket Square

    • Started off a wave for xenophobia across US 

Cornelius Vanderbilt:

• Millionaire bc of steamboats → changed to career in railroading 

• Offered superior railway service @ lower rates 

  • Popularized the steel rail (safer + more commercial)

Grover Cleveland:

• 22nd President of the US

  • Put an end to the railroad’s long + indecisive actions of the construction where they basically hogged up land because of decisions on location

    • Which withheld land from other users (unfair)

  • Cleveland threw open any unclaimed portion of land granted areas

Thomas Edison:

• Inventor from NJ

  • Created electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, + motion pictures

Andrew Carnegie:

• American industrialist/ philanthropist 

• Founded Carnegie Steel Co. → 1892

  • By 1901 = Carnegie dominated the US steel industry

JP Morgan: 

• Banker → bought out Carnegie Steel + renames to US Steel

  • Gave all the money need for WWI + was payed back 

John D.  Rockefeller:

• American industrialist/ philanthropist

• Revolutionized the gas + oil industry → founder of Standard Oil 

  • Helped define the structure of modern philanthropy

William McKinely:

• Created more trusts after the “sherman antitrust act” which forbade combos in the restraint of trade, w/o distinction between good + bad trusts

Terrence Powderly:

• Leader of Knights of Labor

  • Under his leadership, the knights won strikes for 8 hours work days 

  • 1885 → knights = 750,000 workers

Samuel Gompers:

• Creator of the American Federation of Labor 

  • Provided a stable + unified union for many skilled workers 

1. What were the contributing factors to urbanization in the United States?

   • Contributing factors to urbanization in the US was the influx of immigration as well as the expansion of industrialization throughout the country. Many immigrants came to the US looking for more job opportunities or to escape religious persecution or war.

2. How did urbanization impact the various social, economic, and cultural groups in the United States?

   • Urbanization led to the many different social reform movements. This came about because of the large amount of people in a small area talking about unfair working conditions or just rights in general, and many had the same thoughts. 

   • Urbanization led to an increase of economic growth for the US. There was more people working than ever before, and was able to accomplish more in a more effective way.

   • Urbanization also allows for many similar cultural groups to live closer together, China Town, Little Italy, because of immigrants moving more and more into cities, and most likely not knowing English. 

3. Was urbanization an overall benefit or detriment to the development of the nation?

   • Although urbanization did have some negative effects of poor working conditions/ extreme nativism/ discrimination against new citizens, many of the effect were very beneficial. It allowed for the US to grow economically and develop new technologies and idea sto develop. These new ideas then led to new social reforms, or old ones to reignite in a new generation. (education, black rights, women’s rights) 

Urbanization:

• the process of rural communities growing to form cities

  • growth + expansion 

    • causes: influx of immigrations, industrialization

New Immigration:

• Immigrants were coming from:

  • Italy

  • Isreal

  • Croatia

  • Slovakia

  • Greece

  • Poland

    • All countries w/ little democracy 

• 19% at first → 66% of all immigrants by the 1900s 

  • Cities:

    • New York City

    • Chicago 

tenements:

• Single family apartments that were overcrowded and rooms were shared with multiple families 

  • disgusting/dangerous conditions

settlement houses:

• Inter-city educational + social service institutions (started in Chicago)

  • became centers of women’s movements/activism + social reform 

Hull House:

• most well known settlement houses created by Jane Addams 

  • combo of daycare + salvation army + community college + helped people learn English 

Know-Nothings:

• anti-immigration/ anti-foreign organizations + American Protective Association 

  • urged for voting against political canditiaties of Roman Catholic Church

  • organized labor movement against immigration

Social-Darwinism:

• Applies to Charles Darwin’s threory of survival-of-the-fittest 

  • rich wouldn’t help the poor because they believed that the poor were the least capable 

    • rich would “survive”

YMCA/YWCA:

• Religious-affliated organizations: Young Men’s + Women’s Christian Associations

  • founded before the Civil War but → grew expotentially and appeared in almost every city in the US 

    • provided physical instruction + religious instruction (education)

Tuskegee Institute:

• Black/ industrial school in Alabama (started w/ 40 students → became nationally recognized)

  • Head/ Champion of Black Education = Booker T Washington (ex-slave)

    • taught useful trades →to gain self respect/ economic security 

 Land-Grant Colleges:

• Morrill Act of 1862 → provided public lands to states for support of education

• Hatch Act of 1887 →extended Morrill Act to provide federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations w/ connections to the land-grant colleges

  • later became known as “state universities”:

    • UC’s, Ohio State, Texas A&M

Pragmatism:

• Writing by William James 

  • pronounced America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy →that the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences

NAACP:

• National Association for the Advacement of Colored People

  • founded by DuBois in 1909 

    • demanded for complete equality of blacks, socially + economically 

    • the “talented tenth” of the black community should be given full/ immediate access to the mainstream of American life 

Muckraker:

• A journalist who uncovers abuses + corruption in a society → politics and big businesses

  • wrote “the octopus” in 1901 which described the power of he railroads over Western farmers 

Yellow Journalism:

• journalism based upon sensationalism + crude exaggeration

  • used mainly by Joseph Pulitzer when he designed the LPD + NYW 

    • colored comics ft. yellow kid 

Progress and Poverty:

• written by journalist/author Henry George (had a poor formal education )

  • rich in idealism + saw poverty @ worst in India → single tax idea = very controversial 

    • Monopoly game based on it 

National American Woman Suffrage Association: 

• founded in 1890 by miltant suffragists 

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton + Susan B Anthony 

    • “women deserved the wote as a matter of right bc they were in all respects the equals of men”

    • helped create womens suffrage in multiple states and passed laws to permit wives to own and control their property after marriage 

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union:

• organized in 1874 by militant women → helped to prohibit alcohol in 18th ammendment in the country 

• blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, + violence against women/children

  • Frances E Willard + Carrie A. Nation 

Realism:

• artisitc movement of the 19th century where writers and painters wanted to show life as it is instead of how it should be 

Naturalism:

• intense literary response that emphasized the determinative influence of heredity and social enviroments in shaping character 

  • extension of realism 

Regionalism: 

• sought to record facts about the peculiarities of local way sof life before industrialization standards 

Start of Prohibition Movement:

• National Prohibition Movement → 1869 

• WCTU → 1874

  • Symbol: white ribbon, shows purity 

• Anti-Saloon League → 1893

Shift from ‘Old’ to ‘New’ Immigration:

• 1820-1890 → Northwestern Europe (OLD)

• 1890-1920 →Southeastern Europe + Asia (NEW)

Jane Addams:

• OG founder of Settlement House Movement 

• 1st US Woman to earn Nobel Prize →1931 bc President of WILPF

Liberal Protestants:

• branch of Protestantism → 1875 - 1925

  • encouraged followers to use the Bible as moral compass

  • were active in the “social gospel” + other reforms 

Booker T. Washington:

• Black American born into slavery

  • Belief: that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value 

  • Head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 

  • Wrote the book “Up from Slavery”

WEB DuBois:

• Head of the NAACP in 1910 

  • Rose to national attention bc of opposition to BT Washingotn

  • Belief: social integration between whites and blacks/ increased political representation in order to gurantee civil rights 

 Carrie Chapman Catt:

• Leader of new gen of women who wanted to fight for suffrage 

  • Suffragists, under her, deemphasize argument that women deserved vote as matter of right bc they were all in respect as = of men 

  • Stressed the giving women votes if they were to continue to discharge traditional duties as mothers in public world of city 

Mark Twain:

• Writer and humorists

  • used realistic fiction in novels, “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn” 

Buffalo Bill:

• William F Cody 

• American adventurer, soldier, and showman 

  • Wild West Show w/ acts like the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battle, + cowboy skills/ horsemanship

    • toured US, Canada, + Europe 

    • most popular wild west show 

Annie Oakley:

• part of Buffalo Bill show

  • extremely good shooter 

 Joseph Pulitzer:

• creator of the “New York World” cut the $ so people could afford it 

  • ft. color comics + yellow journalism 

  • used yellow journalism in competition w/ Hearst to sell more newspapers

• achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party 

William Randolph Hearst:

• leading newspaperman of his times

  • ran the “New York Journal” + helped create/propagat “yellow journalism”

Horatio Alger:

• 19th century American author who was best known for many juvenile novels about impoverished boy + their rise from humble beginnings → middle class 

Frederick Law Olmstead:

• Designer of NYC Central Park 

  • wanted cities to expose people to the beauties of nature 

    • another project, Chicago Columbian Exposition (1893) → led to the rise to the “City Beautiful” movement