Did the benefits of industrialization outweigh the costs of industrialization? Why or why not?
Benefits outweighed the costs.
Benefits:
Economic growth/ wealth
Technological advancements
Job creation/industry
Costs:
Unsafe working conditions
Pollution + depletion of natural resources (oil, etc.)
Economic inequality (gospel of wealth, monopolies, etc.)
How did developments in technology impact industrialization in the United States?
Technology:
Railroad expansion (transcontinental)
Steel Industry
Electricity
Communication (telegraph/phones)
Impact:
More productivity, reducing costs, and opening up for new markets/industries, new job opportunities.
What were the causes for the development of the labor movement during the Gilded Age? How successful was the movement in advocating for workers’ rights?
Causes:
Poor/unsafe working conditions (long hours + low wages)
Economic inequality (wealth gap)
No labor laws (few regulations to protect workers)
Successes:
Labor laws being created over time, due to protests for them
Union growth (AFL + NLU)
How did minority groups and women see their roles and statuses shift during the Gilded Age?
African Americans:
Limited progress bc of segregation + discrimination (mainly South)
Tried to advance civil rights and improve economic opportunities
Immigrants:
Provided for much of the labor force = industrial growth
Still discriminated against + poor work conditions
Women:
More entering workforce → allowed for change in traditional gender roles
Growth of influence in social/political atmospheres bc of their roles in advocacy and reform
The Major RxR Companies:
Transcontinental Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
Northern Pacific Railroad
Southern Pacific Railroad
The Great Northern Railroad
The Aitchison
Wabash v. Illinois
Decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
Interstate Commerce Act
Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates publicly
Stock Watering
When railroad stock promoters would largely inflate their claims about a given line’s assets and profitability and sold their stock/bonds for a way higher price than compared to the railroad’s actual value.
Horizontal Integration:
Allying with competitors to monopolize the market
Vertical Integration:
Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing
Trust:
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors,
monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.
Interlocking Directorates:
The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company
Bessemer-Kelly Process:
When cold air was blown onto hot iron causing it to become white-hot by igniting the carbon = elimination of impurities
1850s method of cheap steel
Heavy Industry:
Focused on making capital goods very distinct from the production of consumer goods.
Consumer Goods:
Products bought for consumption by the average consumer
Standard Oil Company:
Oil company that controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the US (by 1877)
Symbolized the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age
Formed in 1870 by Rockefeller
Social Darwinism:
The idea that people gained wealth by “survival of the fittest”, the wealthy had won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor.
Gospel of Wealth:
Essay by Carnegie that stated that the wealthy had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.
Foundational philosophy
Sherman Anti-Trust Act:
A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business (1890)
One of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good
At first to restrain trade unions, later against monopolistic practice
National Labor Union:
The first National labor organization in US history (1866-1872)
Fought for an 8-hour workday
Knights of Labor:
The second national lobar organization
Started as a secret society and opened into the public in 1881
Known for efforts to organize all workers, no matter their skill level, gender, or race
Haymarket Square:
A rally that turned violent after someone threw a bomb, killing dozens of people
8 Anarchists were arrested for conspiracy
American Federation of Labor:
A national federation of trade unions → only for skilled workers (1886) (almost all white/male)
Led by Samuel Gompers = sought to negotiate w/ employers for a better kind of capitalism
Rewarded workers w/ better wages, hours, and conditions
Open vs. Closed Shop:
Open Shop: hiring non-union and union labor
Closed Shop: hiring all union labor
Completion of Transcontinental Railroad:
$ process w/ gov’t funding
Built railroads in densely populated area
Finished in 1869
Consisted of the central + union pacific co.
Allowed close connection of the west to the Union
Haymarket Square Riot:
A clash between police + labor protests in Chicago
Protested for the killing/wounded of several workers the day before @ Haymarket Square
Started off a wave for xenophobia across US
Cornelius Vanderbilt:
Millionaire bc of steamboats → changed to career in railroading
Offered superior railway service @ lower rates
Popularized the steel rail (safer + more commercial)
Grover Cleveland:
22nd President of the US
Put an end to the railroad’s long + indecisive actions of the construction where they basically hogged up land because of decisions on location
Which withheld land from other users (unfair)
Cleveland threw open any unclaimed portion of land granted areas
Thomas Edison:
Inventor from NJ
Created electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, + motion pictures
Andrew Carnegie:
American industrialist/ philanthropist
Founded Carnegie Steel Co. → 1892
By 1901 = Carnegie dominated the US steel industry
JP Morgan:
Banker → bought out Carnegie Steel + renames to US Steel
Gave all the money need for WWI + was payed back
John D. Rockefeller:
American industrialist/ philanthropist
Revolutionized the gas + oil industry → founder of Standard Oil
Helped define the structure of modern philanthropy
William McKinely:
Created more trusts after the “sherman antitrust act” which forbade combos in the restraint of trade, w/o distinction between good + bad trusts
Terrence Powderly:
Leader of Knights of Labor
Under his leadership, the knights won strikes for 8 hours work days
1885 → knights = 750,000 workers
Samuel Gompers:
Creator of the American Federation of Labor
Provided a stable + unified union for many skilled workers
What were the contributing factors to urbanization in the United States?
Contributing factors to urbanization in the US was the influx of immigration as well as the expansion of industrialization throughout the country. Many immigrants came to the US looking for more job opportunities or to escape religious persecution or war.
How did urbanization impact the various social, economic, and cultural groups in the United States?
Urbanization led to the many different social reform movements. This came about because of the large amount of people in a small area talking about unfair working conditions or just rights in general, and many had the same thoughts.
Urbanization led to an increase of economic growth for the US. There was more people working than ever before, and was able to accomplish more in a more effective way.
Urbanization also allows for many similar cultural groups to live closer together, China Town, Little Italy, because of immigrants moving more and more into cities, and most likely not knowing English.
Was urbanization an overall benefit or detriment to the development of the nation?
Although urbanization did have some negative effects of poor working conditions/ extreme nativism/ discrimination against new citizens, many of the effect were very beneficial. It allowed for the US to grow economically and develop new technologies and idea sto develop. These new ideas then led to new social reforms, or old ones to reignite in a new generation. (education, black rights, women’s rights)
Urbanization:
the process of rural communities growing to form cities
growth + expansion
causes: influx of immigrations, industrialization
New Immigration:
Immigrants were coming from:
Italy
Isreal
Croatia
Slovakia
Greece
Poland
All countries w/ little democracy
19% at first → 66% of all immigrants by the 1900s
Cities:
New York City
Chicago
tenements:
Single family apartments that were overcrowded and rooms were shared with multiple families
disgusting/dangerous conditions
settlement houses:
Inter-city educational + social service institutions (started in Chicago)
became centers of women’s movements/activism + social reform
Hull House:
most well known settlement houses created by Jane Addams
combo of daycare + salvation army + community college + helped people learn English
Know-Nothings:
anti-immigration/ anti-foreign organizations + American Protective Association
urged for voting against political canditiaties of Roman Catholic Church
organized labor movement against immigration
Social-Darwinism:
Applies to Charles Darwin’s threory of survival-of-the-fittest
rich wouldn’t help the poor because they believed that the poor were the least capable
rich would “survive”
YMCA/YWCA:
Religious-affliated organizations: Young Men’s + Women’s Christian Associations
founded before the Civil War but → grew expotentially and appeared in almost every city in the US
provided physical instruction + religious instruction (education)
Tuskegee Institute:
Black/ industrial school in Alabama (started w/ 40 students → became nationally recognized)
Head/ Champion of Black Education = Booker T Washington (ex-slave)
taught useful trades →to gain self respect/ economic security
Land-Grant Colleges:
Morrill Act of 1862 → provided public lands to states for support of education
Hatch Act of 1887 →extended Morrill Act to provide federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations w/ connections to the land-grant colleges
later became known as “state universities”:
UC’s, Ohio State, Texas A&M
Pragmatism:
Writing by William James
pronounced America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy →that the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences
NAACP:
National Association for the Advacement of Colored People
founded by DuBois in 1909
demanded for complete equality of blacks, socially + economically
the “talented tenth” of the black community should be given full/ immediate access to the mainstream of American life
Muckraker:
A journalist who uncovers abuses + corruption in a society → politics and big businesses
wrote “the octopus” in 1901 which described the power of he railroads over Western farmers
Yellow Journalism:
journalism based upon sensationalism + crude exaggeration
used mainly by Joseph Pulitzer when he designed the LPD + NYW
colored comics ft. yellow kid
Progress and Poverty:
written by journalist/author Henry George (had a poor formal education )
rich in idealism + saw poverty @ worst in India → single tax idea = very controversial
Monopoly game based on it
National American Woman Suffrage Association:
founded in 1890 by miltant suffragists
Elizabeth Cady Stanton + Susan B Anthony
“women deserved the wote as a matter of right bc they were in all respects the equals of men”
helped create womens suffrage in multiple states and passed laws to permit wives to own and control their property after marriage
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union:
organized in 1874 by militant women → helped to prohibit alcohol in 18th ammendment in the country
blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, + violence against women/children
Frances E Willard + Carrie A. Nation
Realism:
artisitc movement of the 19th century where writers and painters wanted to show life as it is instead of how it should be
Naturalism:
intense literary response that emphasized the determinative influence of heredity and social enviroments in shaping character
extension of realism
Regionalism:
sought to record facts about the peculiarities of local way sof life before industrialization standards
Start of Prohibition Movement:
National Prohibition Movement → 1869
WCTU → 1874
Symbol: white ribbon, shows purity
Anti-Saloon League → 1893
Shift from ‘Old’ to ‘New’ Immigration:
1820-1890 → Northwestern Europe (OLD)
1890-1920 →Southeastern Europe + Asia (NEW)
Jane Addams:
OG founder of Settlement House Movement
1st US Woman to earn Nobel Prize →1931 bc President of WILPF
Liberal Protestants:
branch of Protestantism → 1875 - 1925
encouraged followers to use the Bible as moral compass
were active in the “social gospel” + other reforms
Booker T. Washington:
Black American born into slavery
Belief: that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value
Head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
Wrote the book “Up from Slavery”
WEB DuBois:
Head of the NAACP in 1910
Rose to national attention bc of opposition to BT Washingotn
Belief: social integration between whites and blacks/ increased political representation in order to gurantee civil rights
Carrie Chapman Catt:
Leader of new gen of women who wanted to fight for suffrage
Suffragists, under her, deemphasize argument that women deserved vote as matter of right bc they were all in respect as = of men
Stressed the giving women votes if they were to continue to discharge traditional duties as mothers in public world of city
Mark Twain:
Writer and humorists
used realistic fiction in novels, “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn”
Buffalo Bill:
William F Cody
American adventurer, soldier, and showman
Wild West Show w/ acts like the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battle, + cowboy skills/ horsemanship
toured US, Canada, + Europe
most popular wild west show
Annie Oakley:
part of Buffalo Bill show
extremely good shooter
Joseph Pulitzer:
creator of the “New York World” cut the $ so people could afford it
ft. color comics + yellow journalism
used yellow journalism in competition w/ Hearst to sell more newspapers
achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party
William Randolph Hearst:
leading newspaperman of his times
ran the “New York Journal” + helped create/propagat “yellow journalism”
Horatio Alger:
19th century American author who was best known for many juvenile novels about impoverished boy + their rise from humble beginnings → middle class
Frederick Law Olmstead:
Designer of NYC Central Park
wanted cities to expose people to the beauties of nature
another project, Chicago Columbian Exposition (1893) → led to the rise to the “City Beautiful” movement