HOSA: Chapter 11

During strenuous activity, a great number of motor units are called on to contract, a process known as:

	a.	abduction.
	b.	adduction.
	c.	muscle recruitment.
	d.	muscle realignment.

c) muscle recruitment

When muscles function, they change stored glycogen to _____ as their source of energy.

	a.	sucrose
	b.	glucose
	c.	lactose
	d.	fructose

b) glucose

Which of the following is not a function of the muscles?

	a.	providing heat
	b.	providing the body with the ability to move
	c.	holding the body upright
	d.	storing calcium

d) storing calcium

As people age, the amount of:

	a.	connective tissue increases and elastic fibers decrease.
	b.	connective tissue decreases and elastic fibers increase.
	c.	both connective tissue and elastic fibers increase.
	d.	both connective tissue and elastic fibers decrease.

c) both connective and elastic fibers increase

When muscles contract, they become:

	a.	longer and thicker.
	b.	shorter and thicker.
	c.	longer and thinner.
	d.	shorter and thinner.

b) shorter and thicker

The extensor muscle that straightens the elbow is the:

	a.	triceps.
	b.	biceps.
	c.	trapezius.
	d.	flexor carpi ulnaris.

a) triceps

he constant state of contraction that allows the body to maintain its erect position is known as:

	a.	muscular rigidity.
	b.	muscular spasm.
	c.	muscle recruitment.
	d.	muscle tone.

d) muscle tone

What is the thickest and longest tendon in the human body?

	a.	patellar tendon
	b.	Achilles tendon
	c.	peroneus brevis tendon
	d.	hamstring tendon

b) achilles tendon

The most common bursae are located at the:

	a.	elbow, wrist, and neck.
	b.	hip, knee, and ankle.
	c.	elbow, knee, and shoulder.
	d.	wrist, hip, and shoulder.

c) elbow, knee, shoulder

The _____ muscles lie beneath the pectoralis major, between the ribs.

	a.	gastrocnemius
	b.	sphincter
	c.	cartilage
	d.	intercostal

d) intercostal

The shoulders are protected by a triangle of muscle called the:

	a.	infraspinatus.
	b.	deltoid.
	c.	sternocleidomastoid.
	d.	teres major.

b) deltoid

The ____ muscles support much of the body’s weight and enable us to stand erect.

	a.	gluteus maximus
	b.	sartorius
	c.	anconeus
	d.	serratus anterior

a) gluteus maximus

Which of the following is not part of the quadriceps femoris?

	a.	vastus lateralis
	b.	tibialis anterior
	c.	rectus femoris
	d.	vastus intermedius

b) tibialis anterior

Which of the following is not part of the hamstring group?

	a.	semimembranosus
	b.	a portion of the adductor magnus
	c.	biceps femoris
	d.	teres major

d) teres major

What is the main muscle in the calf of the leg?

	a.	soleus
	b.	gluteus medius
	c.	gastrocnemius
	d.	plantaris

c) gastrocnemius

The contracting and relaxing of muscles that work food through the body in a wavelike action is called:

	a.	dystrophy.
	b.	controlled spasms.
	c.	hiccoughing.
	d.	peristalsis.

d) peristalsis

Tendonitis is most often caused by a:

	a.	sports-related activity.
	b.	bacterial infection.
	c.	phosphorus deficiency.
	d.	genetic factor.

a) sports-related activity

Which of the following is not a common treatment for epicondylitis?

	a.	injection of a mixture of corticosteroid and a local anesthetic
	b.	immobilization
	c.	cold therapy
	d.	manipulation of the tendon attachment

c) cold therapy

Diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome is considered positive when ___ of the 18 trigger points are painful.

	a.	8
	b.	11
	c.	15
	d.	18

b) 11

Which disorder is an X-linked chromosome disorder affecting only males?

	a.	Duchenne’s dystrophy
	b.	Erb’s dystrophy
	c.	juvenile muscular dystrophy
	d.	torticollis

a) duchenne’s dystrophy

motor unit

Group of muscle cells and a motor neuron that function together to cause movement.

muscle tone

 State of maintained muscle contraction.

skelatal muscle tissue

Type of muscle tissue attached to bones that permits movement.

smooth muscle tissue

Type of muscle tissue made of small, delicate muscle cells that is found throughout most of the internal organs of the body.

myocardial muscle tissue

Type of muscle tissue found only in the heart.

flexor

Skeletal muscle that bends a joint.

extensor

Skeletal muscle that straightens a joint.

contracture

Muscular condition in which certain muscles become shorter, permanently bending the joints.

abduction

Movement of extremities away from the body’s center

adduction

Movement of extremities toward the center of the body.

tendon

Strong fibrous structure attached to rough surfaces on a bone

origin

End of a muscle nearest to the center of the body.

insertion

 End of a muscle furthest from the center of the body.

diaphragm

Most important muscle in breathing

orbicularis oris

Muscle that allows humans to whistle, kiss, smile, grin, grimace with pain, or pout

orbicularis oculi

 Muscle that enables us to squint or wink.

strain

Commonly results from the application of too much stress to skeletal muscles while exercising or participating in athletic activities.

sphincter

Smooth, donut-shaped muscle that pinches shut intermittently to control the flow of food, liquid, or blood.

fibromyalgia

Chronic musculoskeletal condition characterized by widespread pain.

torticollis

Neck deformity that bends the head to the affected side and rotates the chin toward the opposite side.

muscle stiffness

pathology present

 Pain, numbness tingling, trigger points, and headache

pathology present

muscular

system involved

nervous

system involved

urinary frequency

pathology present

digestive

system involved

Irritable bowel syndrome

pathology present

urinary

system involved

The body has ______ muscles.

	a.	3
	b.	30
	c.	60
	d.	600

d) 600

 Muscle groups are separated by membranes called:

	a.	sheaths.
	b.	tissue.
	c.	extensors.
	d.	sphincters.

a) sheaths

With prolonged lack of use, muscles will __________, which is a progressive wasting away of the muscle tissue.

	a.	contract
	b.	flex
	c.	atrophy
	d.	all the responses are correct

c) atrophy

Another form of muscular attachment is by __________, a sheet-like, tough membrane that forms sheaths to cover and protect the muscle tissue.

	a.	tendon
	b.	fascia
	c.	tissue
	d.	all the responses are correct

b) fascia

 The_________ functions as a watery cushion to minimize pressure and friction over bony prominences and under tendons.

	a.	bursa
	b.	tendon
	c.	tissue
	d.	cartilage

a) bursa

The _________ not only supports the head but also extends down the back and shoulders, giving us the ability to raise and throw back the shoulders.

	a.	sternocleidomastoid
	b.	diaphragm
	c.	pectoralis major
	d.	trapezius

d) trapezius

The muscle of the _____________ is the site of choice for intramuscular injections, especially for large amounts of a slowly absorbing material.

	a.	buttocks
	b.	deltoid
	c.	sartorius
	d.	quadriceps femoris

a) buttocks

The back is covered by a large muscle called the  _____________. Its main function is to extend and adduct the arm, as when swimming.

	a.	latissimus dorsi
	b.	latissimus dorsal
	c.	deltoid
	d.	pectoralis major

a) latissimus dorsi

The structure that connects the mouth with the stomach is known as the:

	a.	sphincter.
	b.	esophagus.
	c.	peristalsis.
	d.	bursa.

b) esophagus

When light is focused on the eye, the _________muscles of the iris that surround the pupil contract, making the pupil smaller, thereby limiting the amount of light striking the retina.

	a.	peristalsis
	b.	hamstring
	c.	sartorius
	d.	circular sphincter

d) circular sphincter

The signs and symptoms of ___________ are weakness of the hip and shoulder areas. Other symptoms include winging of the scapulae, lordosis with protruding abdomen, waddling gait, poor balance, and the inability to raise the arms.

	a.	Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies
	b.	torticollis (wryneck)
	c.	Duchenne’s
	d.	none of responses are correct

a) limb-girdle muscular dystrophies

This muscular disorder has increased in infants since they are now placed on their backs to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The sternocleidomastoid muscle shortens due to the position.

	a.	torticollis
	b.	Duchenne’s
	c.	Erb’s
	d.	juvenile

a) torticollis

abduction

When muscles contract to move extremities away from the body’s center line.

anchor

When skeletal muscles join bones that meet at joints, one of the bones becomes this, which is where the muscle has its origin.

aponeurosis

Designates either a fascia or a flat tendon type of muscle attachment.

biceps

When this muscle contracts, being firmly anchored at the shoulder, it pulls upon the insertion location on the forearm, and the arm flexes (bends).

cramp

Caused by a muscle that has contracted but cannot relax

deltoid

The shoulders are protected by a triangle of muscle called this, which abducts the arm

dystrophy

Congenital disorders result in progressive wasting away of skeletal muscles.

gastrocnemius

The main muscle in the calf of the leg.

gluteus medius

This muscle is located at the back of the iliac crest and stretches downward toward the greater trochanter of the femur, with the lower third of the muscle being partially covered by the gluteus maximus.

hamstring

The posterior thigh is the site of this group, which includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and a portion of the adductor magnus.

hiccough

Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, followed by spasmodic closure of the space between the vocal cords

intercoastal

These muscles lie beneath the pectoralis major, between the ribs.

musculoskelatal

Pertaining to the muscular and skeletal systems.

pectoralis major

The main upper chest muscle

peristalsis

Alternating action of both smooth layers, contracting and relaxing, works the food through the body in a wavelike action.

When muscles function, they use the stored glycogen, changing it to glucose, as their source of energy. _______ is released as this fuel is used.

	a.	Spasm
	b.	Cramp
	c.	Heat
	d.	Sartorius

c) heat