Unit 9 Review

Social Psychology

The branch of psychology dealing with social interactions and their effects on individuals.

Attribution Theory

theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either internal characteristics or environmental factors

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overemphasizing personal characteristics and neglecting situational factors in judging behavior.

Attitude

Set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors towards an object, person, or event.

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Being persuaded by factors other than the central argument.

Central Route to Persuasion

Being persuaded by the actual argument's merits.

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Getting agreement on a modest request before a larger one.

Role

Fulfilling socially defined categories with associated rights, duties, and behaviors.

Conformity

Matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

Normative Social Influence

Desire to be part of the "in-group" for acceptance.

Informational Social Influence

Being influenced by others' information rather than group norms.

Social Facilitation

Increased response when others are present.

Social Loafing

Decreased productivity when working in a group.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations.

Group Polarization

Reinforcing extreme opinions within like-minded groups.

Groupthink

Desire for harmony leading to dysfunctional decision-making.

Culture

Values, beliefs, language, and traditions passed through generations.

Norm

Accepted standards of behavior within a group.

Prejudice

Preconceived judgment towards certain groups.

Stereotype

Fixed, biased belief about a group.

Discrimination

Acting on prejudices towards a group.

Ingroup Bias

Favoring one's own group over others.

Scapegoat Theory

Blaming another group for problems.

Other-Race Effect

Better recognition of faces from one's own race.

Aggression

Behavior aimed at harming others or property.

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Frustration leading to aggression.

Social Script

Expected actions in certain circumstances.

Mere Exposure Effect

Liking things due to familiarity.

Passionate Love

Love with emotional arousal and passion.

Companionate Love

Deep commitment without sexual desire.

Equity

Fair return from interactions with others.

Self-Disclosure

Sharing personal information.

Altruism

Motivation to increase another's welfare.

Bystander Effect

Less likely to help in the presence of others.

Social Exchange Theory

Cost-benefit analysis in social interactions.

Reciprocity Norm

Repaying what others have done for you.

Social-Responsibility Norm

Engaging in positive social behavior for community welfare.

Conflict

Arousal of conflicting motives.

Social Trap

Short-term gains leading to long-term losses.

Mirror Image Perceptions

Seeing oneself as opposite during conflict.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Blaming external forces for bad outcomes and taking credit for good ones.

Superordinate Goals

Goals taking precedence over conditional ones.

GRIT

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction.

Phillip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Stanley Milgram

Conducted the Milgram Experiment.

Solomon Asch

Known for conformity experiments.

Leon Festinger

Known for the theory of cognitive dissonance.

interpersonal attraction

the forces that lead people to like each other, establish relationships, and in some cases fall in love

Proximity

the closer together people are physically, the more likely they are form a relationship/ friendship

Familiarity “ Mere Exposure Effect”

liking someone occurs because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing

Physical Attractiveness

people tend to like those whom they find physically attractive

Matching Hypothesis

people choose partners that have equal attractiveness

Halo effect

our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about his or her character

Similarity

the more similar two people are in traits, the more probable it is that they will like eachother

Reciprocity of liking

people have a very strong tendency to like people who like them

Intimacy

the feeling of closeness of each other or sense of close emotional ties

Commitment

the decisions ones make about a relationship, promise to sustain it

Passion

the physical aspect of love ( sexual and emotional arousal)

Consummate love

the most complete and ideal form of love ( intimacy + commitment+ passion

Obedience

changing ones behavior at the direct command of an authority figure

diffusion of responsibility

since there are other observers, people feel less obliged to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared on all present

Prisoners dilemma

a type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party

Altruism

the unselfish concern for other people to do things to help not because you feel obliged to