AP Psyche Unit 1

Operant Conditioning

using reinforcement or rewards to strengthen behaviors, and removing that reinforcement to weaken behaviors

Classical Conditioning

behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one(hearing bell means food)

Introspection

Looking inward to observe yourself think

Free association

when a word or image triggers another idea, word, or picture inside a person’s head and uncovers unconscious thoughts (psychoanalytic/dynamic)

Structuralism

Observes the mind’s different structure of consciousness through individual parts(uses introspection)

Functionalism

Understand mental and behavioral processes that operate as evolved functions (not as individual structures)

Gestalt psychology

Studies whole consciousness that includes perception, sensation, learning, and problem

Id

unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.

Superego

judgmental and morally correct part of your personality

Ego

conscious part of your personality that mediates between the id and the superego and makes decisions (urges vs judgment)

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Behaviors and mental processes are influenced by the ego managing the conflict between the id and superego(unconscious processes)

early behaviorism

Behavior is learned through experiences split into operant and classical conditioning

humanistic psychology

Humans are naturally good and seek to reach their potential through free will. The goal is to reach self actualization; best version of yourself.

sociocultural

Studies the impact of cultural aspects on behavior and mental processes. (nationality, gender, religion, etc.)

evolutionary approach

How behavior and mental processes of today exist due to natural selection

biological approach

Studies different structures of the brain and nervous system. Understand link between biological and psychological processes.

cognitive approach

attitudes, memories, perceptions, and expectations all influence behaviors and mental processes. (how individuals process and remember information)

biopsychosocial approach

studies a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and the impact on a person’s health.

operational definition

A description of something in terms of procedures, actions, or processes so that it can be measured and observed.

Correlational studies

Studies that allow researchers to predict the relationship between two variables.

Cross Sectional Studies

Compares different groups at the same time.

Third variable problem

There is a third variable in the experiment that impacts the participant hence why correlations found can be skewed.

Quasi experiment

Does not include random assignment and aim to create a cause and effect

Hindsight bias

Tendency to think one could have anticipated the outcome of an event after it occurred

False consensus effect

Individuals overestimate how many others share their opinions or ideas

confirmation bias

Only focus on info that supports their viewpoints ignore conflicting ideas.

Hawthorn effect

Particpant alters behavior because they know they are being observed

Informed consent

Participants are given adequate info abt study so they can rationally decide whether they want to participate or not.

Stanford prison experiment

Failure because it didn’t protect particpants from harm.

IACUC

oversees protection of animals in studies