psych - humanism, biology, and contemporary, and assessing personality

missing assessing your personality slides.

humanism

WHAT:

• theoretical orientation that emphasizes

1. free will,

2. innately have potential and drive for personal growth,

3. humans are conscious and rational beings, who are awesome, and largley not controlled by uncosncious 

WHO THEY HATE: 

• criticise behaviorism and psychodnymaic theorists

• their narrative shows people as helpless, controlled by past & environment with little capcacity of self-direction

WHO: 

• Rogers, Maslow

person-centred theory

• based on extensive meetings with clients.

• when a person is in touch with their true self they are healthy,

• creaetd by Carl Rogers. win a nobel peace priz.

self ( Rogers) 

is widely known as the self-concet:

a colection of believs about one’s nature. ex: i am easy going.

self-concept does not always reflect reality 

person-centred theory and how personality is defined 

incongruence

disparity between self-concept and experience then you become unhelathy

incongruence is normal ( people distort ot make themselves look better ) 

extreme incongruence can result in psych distress and disorders 

congruence

self-concept is same as your experience then you become helathy and grow to become a better person

self-growth is dependent on how congruent your self and experience is

carl roger’s experiment

• studied people who do not experience uncoditional love

• conditional love foster incongruence, lowe-self-woth, and distory/block memories.

• grow up beleiving that love is conditional and twist memories to avoid pain ( they can’t absorb a hit ) 

• so congruence and incongruence is largely dependent on whether you experienced unconditional love from your parents 

theory of self-actualization 

• created by Maslow 

• every human being has hirearchy of needs that drives what they do

• when a person satisfies one level of need, they desire to acheive the next level of need

• degression whe lower needs are not being satisfied

• the lower needs are base level, higher needs are more complex

Hierarchy ( pyramid) of needs by maslow

need for self-actualization ( striving for self-growth )

aesthetic needs ( one with nature and experience its beauty, express beauty within  ) 

cognitive needs ( missed explanation of each row →  2:16) 

esteem needs ( )

belongingess and love

safety and security

physiological needs ( hunger, thisrt sleep )

personal growth needs refer to …

top 3 needs in the Hierarchy ( pyramid) of needs by maslow

what makes a person self-actualizing according to Maslow?

Not everyone gets to the top 3 pyramids. people who do are:

• tuned into reality

• at peace in themselves

• open and spontaneious

• EQ

• thrive on their work

• sense of humour

• profound emotional high

• balance polarity in personality ( ex: logical and creative, childlike and mature )

humanistic perspective contributions

identified self-concept

hihglight the pimportant of pysch health

foundations of positive psychology ( focuses on people’s strengths and not their problems )

critcisms of humansitc perspective

• hard to test ( ex: how do u operationalize personal growth )

• inadequate eveidence

• unrealistic view of human nature ( hard to find self-actualizing peple )

behavioral genetics 

created by Eysneck 

persoanlity is largely determined by genetics 

lots of support for Eysneck’s theories 

fraternal vs identical twins 

identical twins → share 100% of dna 

fratenral twins → share 50% of dna

heritability ratio

how much a trait is detemrined by genetics

heritability of height, intelligence and criminality

80, 50-70, 50-75

eysneck’s identical twin studies

• they share more BIG 5 OCEAN personality traits than fraternal twins

• even when raised in different homes

• proves that genetics effects personality

evolutionary psychology

examines behaviours in terms of their adaptive value

observed behavior is cause of evolution and natural selection 

personality has a biological basis cause evolution has favored specific traits

bio contributions 

well-supported by research 

bio critcisms

• has hindsight bias ( to mold one’s interpretations of the past to fit findings )

contemporary approaches to personality

focus on a specific trait and attempt to explain its development

and relationship with various others traits and

behaviours

ex: narcissism, why, what, behave how, and related to what ?

narcissism

ATTRIBUTES: 

• entitilement

• self-inflation

• tendency to exploit others

ATTRIBUTES FOUND IN HIGHLY NARCISSTIC PEEPS : 

• try to stand out in crowd 

• elevated levels of aggressive behavior 

• likable but only at first ( arrogant and selfish  )

Narcisstic personality inventory 

is a test that measures your narcissism 

measures normal amount of narcissism (does not diagnose narciisim disorder)

takes 5-10 min to complete

0-40 scoring and avg score is 15-16

perfectionism ( most influential model)

• NEED FOR PERFECT IN A WIDE VARIETY OF DOMAINS IN YOUR LIFE

• on the rise in society… due to pressure to excel

self-oriented perfectionism

• high standards for your self

• self-criticial

order-oriented perfectionism

• imposing demands for perfection on others

• domineering, hostile 

• hyprocritical 

socially-prescribed perfectionism

• ones beleif that others demand high expectations from them

• tries to fulfill these imaginary demands 

consequences of perfectionism in general

• increased risk of eating disorders

• increased risk of relational difficulties

• increased risk of anixety and depression

high scores of socially prescribed perfectionism 

• high levels of anger hopelessnes distress and suicide

culture vs big 5 personality

• generally consistent over all cultures

• the statistics of the lowest and highest OCEAN TRAITS ARE IN  in Lec 11

5 types of mental disorders relevent to criminality

• psychotic

• personality

• intellectual diability

• substance abuse

• paraphilias

paraphilia 

• disorders of sexual arousal to atypical objects and situations

mental disorders vs criminality

• higher level of certain types of disorders

• lower level of people with disorders engaging with crime in general

most relevent personality disorder to  criminality

• anti-social disorder

anti social personality disorder 

• persistent disregard of people’s rights, feelings, and well-beings 

• struggle to disable stable interpersonal relationships 

• experience significant impairemtn in social and occupational functionning through out their life

• PSYCHOPATHY  is a more sever form of ASPD 

• NOT ALL people with ASPD become criminals 

• they can’t feel emotions. they only feel DULL emotions

• begin in childhood and early adolescence ( teens) 

ask a psychopath

• is a lawyer 

• wear glasses that give you distorted feel on life

• not in touch with emotions,

• only feels happy emotions. no guilt no fear.

• danger to myself. welcome death

• such a weak sense of self. no sense of s

• dont feel nervous, and body is nervous. i feel adrenalie spike/jittery but no feeling associated with it. ex: like me

• i dont care.

• not a problem till mid-30s because then people expect you to be emotionally mature enogu to care for others.

• in teens years people are impressed by your confidence.

• i did not hav an alternative to manipulate. i did not know how to not manipulate. i wanted relationships.

• ever 3 years her life blew up 

personality traits, criminals are more likely to have

higher scores

Impulsivity

Risk taking

Aggressiveness

Machiavelianism- “a person who takes advantage of the weaknesses and

failings...of others for his own purposes”

big 5: neuroticism, some studies also found higher scores in agreeableness

and conscientiousness!

intelligence vs criminality 

• they have lower than average intelligence scores

• dontt learn from mistakes 

• could be that lower intelligence makes you more likely to be manipulated

• ( also could be that criminals with higher intelligence do not get caught tho )

age and gender vs criminality

adolescence

→ criminality peaks around 14 ( looks like a bell curve)

male

→ most criminals are male

3 cognitive distortions asscoaited with criminality

• hostile attribution bias

  • see aggression when there is none

• lack of empathy

  • ASPD .

• neutralisation and attribution processes

  • rationalize their actions

akert’s theory on crime

• social and NOT psychological

• operational conditioning

  • consequence of crimes, and past consequence for crime plays big role in choice to do crime

• observational learning

  • integral part of becoming a criminal

  • especially if you see the benefits

family and criminality

INCREASES CHANCES 

• neglect/inconsistency, and punishment-heavy parenting is bad 

• one-parent home 

DECREASES CHANCES 

• responsive parenting → responding to chil’s needs 

• demanding parenting → appropriate rules and expectations 

psychological test

measures a sample of a person’s behavior to identify ability, aptitudes and personality traits

should always be interpeted with caution, and should not be used to diagnose disorders or a foundation of any decision

LIMITATIONS

• social desirability

  • look cool by looking good

• faking bad

  • look cool by looking bad

• timing matters ( may have to postpone )

  • headache, anxiety, distressed will make test invalid

  • sleep

  • not eaten

evolutinary psych vs personality

BIG 5 OCEAN are apparent across all cultures this proves that evolution created personality cause it was essential to surviival 

experiment executed by David Buss 

personality disorder 

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly

from the expectations of the individual’s culture

starts in teenage years  ( adolescenece )

remains stable over several years 

standardized questinnaire

( missed oct 18 first 5 min )

standardization - uniform procedures to administer and score a test 

test norms - provide information on how a person did in comapriston to others 

ask about typical behavior in various circumstances

utlikiezes likert scales and t/f 

scientifically supported !!!!

social desirability is an issue 

projective tests

ask people to respond to ambiguous stimuli in ways that revel the patient’s needs, feelings and personality traits

time consuming, not supported empircally 

two types that we discussed: 

1. thematic appreception test

2. Rorschach

thematic aperception test ( tat )

patients have to tell stories about the simple scene

they would tell the doctor what is happening and what they are feeling

ex: scene → mountains. patient → someone is lost. interpetation → patient is high in neuroticism.

Rorschach Test

clinician goes through 10 blobs with clients

it’s than what we see . what did they focus on or ignore. did colors distract…

patients in the same mental health category or illness often report similar approaches

he created a system to classify people based on their responses

Steps to the Rorshach

step1: what they see

step2: ask how they see, how they approached the task.

Scoring the Rorshack

Content: class of objects in response (animal, human )

Location: what parts of the blob was used (blank space, colored space, left, right, all, none)

Determinants: colour, form movement, reflection ( what they used to determine what they see )

pros of projective tests

• harder to know the answer that will get you out of the mental hospital

• may be more senstive to latent or unconscious aspects

• still popular today

cons of projective tests

limitic sceintific support

suscuptible to deception (say something crazy cause u want to look crazy )

focalism 

tendency to overestimate how much one
will think about an event in the future (how much impact an event will have on us) and
underestimate the influence of other events on
thoughts and emotions 

ex: because i did not get into college i will never be happy. when in reality friendships, work, family events wil change that.