General Botany Chapter 1

structures and functions

Different organisms have different _ and _

unicellular

organism made up of only one cell

multicellular

organism composed of two or more cells

organelles

membrane-bound structures that carry out unique functions necessary for a cell to stay alive

atoms

simplest particle of an element

Biosphere

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
All living creatures on the planet (on land and in water)

Biome

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
All communities within a regional vegetation type

Biological Community

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
All populations of all species present in a given area

Population

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
All individuals of one species in an area

Organism

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
One individual of a species

Organ Systems

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Organs that work together within an organism

Organ

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
A part of an organism with a specific function

Tissue

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Several types of cells that work together

Cells

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Smallest independent unit of life

Organelles

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Small membrane - bound structures within a cell

Molecules

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Chemical compound

Atoms

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Chemical element

Subatomic

(LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION)
Particles that make up an atom

metabolism

the sum of the chemical reactions through which living things break down or build up materials

autotrophs

Capable to convert food into chemicals; self-feeders, producers; ex. Plants, algae, microorganisms

heterotrophs

Capture their food for energy; consumers; ex. Animals and fungi

photosynthesis

converting light energy into chemical energy used by plants

development

the progression from earlier to later stages in maturation

differentiation

the process in which generalized cells specialize into morphologically and physiologically different cells

growth

the irreversible change in the size of cells and plant organs due to both cell enlargement and its subsequent divisions

determinate growth

Growth of organism can be:
occur when an organ or part or whole organism reaches a certain size and then stops growing

indeterminate growth

Growth of organism can be:
happens when cells continue to divide indefinitely. (ex. Plants)

homeostasis

process of maintaining a stable internal environment

feedback loop

utilizes three components in order for homeostatic regulation to occur.

receptors

Component of feedback loop:
monitor and respond to changes in an organism’s environment

control center

Component of feedback loop:
area in the feedback loop that receives information from the receptor

effectors

Component of feedback loop:
receive information from the control center and correct or made adjustments to maintain homeostasis using either positive or negative feedback loops

evolution

change in the characteristics of populations of living things over time

natural selection

process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

adaptation

characteristic that helps a population of living things to survive and reproduce in a given environment

fitness

The ability to adapt and survive is known as an organisms’ _

knowledge

The word science comes from the Latin “scientia,” which literally means _

paradigm shifts

happens when scientific activity and experimentation begin to contradict premises that experts previously considered unshakable

scientific method

is an intellectual tool that most scientists used to arrive at “truth” in a certain phenomenon

induction

type of scientific reasoning:
start with a series of individual observations and try to come up with a general conclusion or statement

deduction

type of scientific reasoning:
start with one general statement and predict the specific conclusions if the statement were true

dependent variable

is the component that changes due to experimental variable

experimental variable

is the factor that can be manipulated

Economic Botany

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Study of plants of economic use or value

Phytochemistry

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes

Phytopathology

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Plant diseases

Plant anatomy

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Cell and tissues structure

Plant biotechnology

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Present technology used in different subdisciplines in plant science

Plant ecology

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Role of plants in the environment

Plant morphology

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Structure and life cycles

Plant physiology

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Life functions of plants

Plant systematics

FIELD OF BOTANY:
Classification and naming of plants

eukaryotic cell

Plants belong to the eukaryotic domain whose building block is the _

chlorophyll

is a light - trapping pigment that is widespread in the foliar structure and the young stem. contains the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and magnesium.

72 and 28

proportion of chlorophyll is _% Chl a and _% Chl b.

photoautotrophs

organisms that are capable of synthesizing their own food from in the presence of light

light

is necessary for the production of this pigment.

medium

_ intensity of light is most favorable for the production of chlorophyll

phytochrome

used to measure the length of the dark period (night time).

autumn

In phytochrome, longer night than the night before means _

spring

In phytochrome, shorter night than the night before means _

hydraulics

defined as the use of a fluid to perform work

cellulose

composed of multiple units of simple sugars (glucose) in a unique linear or branching organization

ethnobotany

_ field studies the use of plants by indigenous cultures which help in discovering new medicinal plants and in conserving species that are endangered