Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for vocabulary review based on lecture notes.

Physiological pH

7.35 and 7.45

Mathematical definition of pH

pH = -log [H3O+].

Chiral Carbon Atom

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups.

Starch

A storage form of glucose in plants, digestible by humans.

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide in plants, indigestible by humans due to beta linkages.

Carboxylic acids

Organic compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to one alkyl or aryl group and one hydroxyl group (-OH).

Esters

Formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; often found in fragrances and flavors.

Hydrophobic part of a lipid

Hydrocarbon chain

Hydrophilic part of a lipid

Polar head group (e.g., carboxyl group in fatty acids)

Main characteristic of a steroid structure

Four fused rings

Saturated fatty acids

Lack carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

NSAIDs work by blocking

Block the production of prostaglandins.

Cholesterol

A sterol that is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones.

LDL and HDL

Low-density lipoprotein; High-density lipoprotein

Alkaloids

Nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants, often with physiological effects.

Caffeine is a purine present in _

Coffee, tea, chocolate

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse between nerve cells.

Types of proteins

Structural, contractile, transport, storage, hormone, enzyme, protection.

Protein primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Secondary structure

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

changes to __ in the secondary structure of beta amyloid proteins in Alzheimer's disease?

Alpha helix changes to beta-pleated sheet

Interactions between amino acid side chains

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, salt bridge, hydrogen bond, disulfide bond

Protein denaturation

Loss of a protein's native structure, disrupting its function.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy; end in -ase.

Enzymes are __. Substrates are _____, and active site is ______.

proteins, small organic molecules, a section of the enzyme

Enzyme kinase

Transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule.

Vitamins

Organic micronutrients needed in small quantities for various biochemical functions.

The 2 types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Where are nucleic acids found inside a cell?

Nucleus and cytoplasm

What does a nucleotide contain?

Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

DNA stands for _.RNA stands for .

Deoxyribonucleic acid; Ribonucleic acid

Name the three types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Name the sugar in RNA.

Ribose

Name the sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to protein

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

Products of ATP hydrolysis

ADP + Pi + energy

Loss of electrons, gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen

3 definitions of oxidation

Three co-enzymes

NAD+, FAD, CoA

NAD+ is to form NADH

reduced

FAD is _ to form FADH2

reduced

What functional group is the reactive part of coenzyme A?

Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

Carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach because enzymes do not function at _ pH

low

Partially digested carbohydrates such as Dextrins, maltose and glucose are hydrolysed in the intestine.

small

Monosaccharides enter the stream.

blood

Pass into the liver to be converted to .

glycogen

Glucose is essential primary energy source for , , _.

brain, skeletal muscles, and red blood cells

Glucose from the blood stream enters where it undergoes a process called __ where glucose is converted to __.

cells, glycolysis, pyruvate

Reactions 6 to 10, ADP is converted to .

ADP

In glycolysis two 3 carbon molecules called __ are produced at the end.

pyruvate

__ is the primary energy source for the brain, skeletal muscles, and red blood cells.

Glucose

Other names are used for the cycle?

citric acid cycle

In reaction 3, 4, 8, of the citric acid cycle, NAD+ gets __ to form NADH.

reduced

In order to enter the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is first converted to .

acetyl CoA