COM 114 Test Out Terms/Summaries - Purdue University

Clincher

The final remark that you will make to your audience

Introduction

Capture the attention of your audience, establish your credibility, relate the material to your audience, announce the topic of the speech, preview the main points of the speech; makes up 10% of the entire speech

Body

Supporting evidence and research; makes up 85% of the entire speech

Conclusion

Restate the thesis, restate the main points, end with a clincher; makes up 5% of the entire speech

Asked Question I Don't Know the Answer to

Be honest-you may ask if someone in the audience knows the answer or you can get back to them once you've located the information (make sure you contact them or else this could effect your credibility)

How Should I Answer the Questions Asked

Keep the answers concise and direct, listen to the entire question, repeat each question

Transitions

Words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between ideas in your presentation and allow listeners to follow you easily

Main points

Important topics to the purpose of the speech (usually two to three)

Subpoints

Build up, support, and explain the main points of the speech

Sub-subpoints

Build up, support, and explain the subpoints within the speech

Equal Support

The ideas that support your main points should be held at equal value

Coordination

The ideas at the same level of importance should use the same series of symbols and have the same indentation

Enhance Credibility

Experiences, qualifications, or educational background

Cannot Enhance Credibility

Offending your audience while making your credibility statement

Ethos

Appeal that is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader; the extent to which the audience trusts you; for example: I am a doctor and therefore you should trust me when I say this is the best treatment for you

Logos

Appeal that is a way of persuading an audience by reason; inductive and deductive reasoning; for example: It's nonsense to try drugs if you know they are damaging to your health

Pathos

Appeal that is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response; for example: You should consider another route home, I heard many gangs come out at night on that street

Informatory Presentation

Seeks to create awareness of the part of an audience regarding a specific issue

Explanatory Presentation

Seeks to deepen the audience's understanding; goes beyond making the audience aware of a particular phenomenon and actually create understanding

Why are Visual Aids Important

Increases clarity and retention, increases effectiveness in both the speaker and the presentation

Why are Visual Aids Used by a Speaker

The audience's ability to process the information and understand the presented material is greatly enhanced

Pie Chart

Used when comparing parts of a whole or percentages of the total

Bar Chart

Used when making comparisons among different types of items to allow for easy visual ranking across items in a category

Line Chart

Used for comparing charges over time in a set of data to examine trends

Straw Person

Fallacy when someone ignores or misrepresents a person's actual position and substitutes a weaker, distorted or misrepresented version of that position, thereby making it easier to refute the opponent's position; for example: A biology teachers says all things evolve, a student says humans could not have come from bugs

Red Herring

Fallacy where an irrelevant topic is inserted into the discussion to divert attention away from the real issue; for example: Mom gets phone bill and you've gone over your limit so you tell her about your math test

Slippery Slope

Fallacy that asserts that some action will inevitably lead to a chain of events that will end in a certain result; for example: If you allow a student to redo a test, they will want to redo every assignment

Ad Hominem

Fallacy where irrelevant personal attacks are made against a person or a group to which the person belongs instead of against the argument the person supports; for example: A lawyer attacks the defendant's character instead of what is in question

False Analogy

Fallacy where one incorrectly assumes that since two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other; for example: Children are like dogs so they should eat off the floor and visit the vet

Directional

Transitional phrases that let your audience know that you are moving away from one idea and on to another; for example: Now that we've established the need for fundraising, let's see which course of action will be most effective

Signpost

Transitions that mark the exact location in the speech; for example: First, second, lastly

Internal Preview

Transitions that preview material within the body of the presentation or even within a main point; for example: There are a couple points I would like to make here

Internal Summary

Transitions that remind the audience of what was just covered; for example: To briefly summarize what I just discussed

Inoculation Theory

A theory that in refuting an argument, those receiving the supporting argument are better able to resist later arguments challenging the truism

Vocal Variety

Modifying the volume, rate, pitch, and use of pauses in a presentation

Eye Contact

Ensures that our presentation remains conversational and that members of the audience feel that we are addressing each of them individually

Spatial

Pattern that demonstrates the relationship between your material geographically or directionally; for example: Fashion trends around the United States

Chronological

Pattern that arranges material in an ordered sequence, following a time line; for example: Teach audience how to change a tire

Problem-Solution

Pattern that demonstrates that there is a problem and then centers on explaining a workable solution to the problem; for example: Persuade audience that spam is a problem with a simple solution

Topical

Pattern that subdivides a topic into a set of main points (subtopics) that are logical and consistent; for example: Inform the audience of a few of the major contributions of the telephone

Casual

Pattern that establishes a cause-effect relationship between two variables or events; for example: Life's history on Earth is characterized by a series of major extinctions and the cause of these extinctions are large meteors

News

Presentation that presents interesting information to an audience on a new topic or provides useful information to an audience

Persuasive

Presentation that changes, creates, or reinforces an attitude, belief, or behavior in an audience

Informative

Presentation that enhances the understanding of your audience in relation to some important term, object, event, process, and so forth

Asynchronous

Presentation that can be accessible at any time (web pages, streaming audio or video, multimedia presentations, Twitter, how-to videos)

Instructional

Presentation that gives audiences directions on performing a particular task

Quasi-Scientific

Presentation that helps audience attune to important features of the message and help organize the information so that audiences see relationships in the material

Impromptu

Delivery method that is characterized by little or no time for advanced preparation

Manuscript

Delivery method that requires that you write out your speech world for world and deliver the presentation by reading it directly

Memorized

Delivery method that requires that the text of the presentation is written out word for word, and the speech is then delivered from memory

Extemporaneous

Delivery method that is a prepared and practice method of delivery

Adaptors

Nonverbal behaviors that reveal things about our internal state and tend to provide comfort when we are in stressful situations; bad habits that should be avoided because they reveal anxiety; for example: Constantly crossing your arms or moving your feet

Illustrators

Hand or arm gestures that accompany and enhance the verbal message you are delivering; for example: Saying about this big and giving an estimated measurement with your hands

Emblems

Gestures that can be directly translated into verbal language; for example: Thumbs-up sign

Question of Fact

Concerned with what is true or false, what happened or did not happen, or what exists or does not exist; for example: Was John driving too fast to control his car or just so quickly that he upset other drivers?

Question of Value

Argues that positions are good or bad, ethical or unethical, moral or immoral, right or wrong; for example: Does Thomas deserve the death penalty for killing a man?

Question of Policy

Targets behaviors, or what we should or should not be doing-as an individual, community, or even a nation; for example: Should assisted suicide be legal?

To Inform

Purpose that describes, explains, or demonstrates something

To Persuade

Purpose that influences the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of your audience

To Entertain

Purpose that has the audience, relax, smile, and enjoy the occasion

Efficacy

The feelings that audience members have in a fear appeal which makes them feel able to perform the recommended responses to the threat that is presented

Book

Source where you cite the author, his or her credentials, the title, and the date it was published

Journal/Magazine Article

Source where you include the name and date of the publication and possibly the name of the author

Newspaper

Source where you include the name and the date of the article

Interview

Source where you cite the person's name, his or her credentials, and when it took place

Website

Source where you cite the operator of the site, and the date of any dated material

News Release

Source where you cite the agency issuing the release and the date it was released

Elevator Pitch

A concise and well-practiced description of a business venture to a potential investor or a quick summation of what your company makes or does to a possible client

A Good Visual Aid Includes

One illustrated concept, a maximum of six lines of text (each line limited to six or seven words)

A Bad Visual Aid Includes

Three or more diagrams, too much text, too many special effects

Visual Aid Color

Audiences find cool colors such as blue and green more attractive than warm colors such as red, orange, and yellow. DO NOT combine: red/green, brown/green, blue/black, and blue/purple

Self-Plagiarism

Occurs when an author re-uses previously published material without revealing that it is not new

Statistics

Evidence consisting of numerical facts that are used to describe a population or event that carry a great deal of power and can be extremely persuasive

Testimony

Evidence consisting of a quotation or paraphrase from an expert or knowledgeable source used to support an idea or point you are making in a presentation

Examples

Evidence consisting of stories or narratives that give life to your presentation and personalize your message and your ideas

Presentational v Public Speaking

Presentational - Informal, outlined, reaches smaller audience, more interactive

Public speaking - formal, scripted, televised

3 Essential Factors in Effective Presentations

Goal-directed - Purpose? if not, it is muddled and rambles

Audience-centered - Know your audience to relate to them/sell yourself/respond to audience

Ethical - Solid evidence and sound reasoning and preparation and honesty

plagiariam

taking someone else's words or ideas and claiming them as your own

Types of plagiarian

misrepresentation - take something someone else has created and claim it as your own

cut and paste - taking info. from several sources and patching it together in 1 document

ALWAYS GIVE CREDIT WHERE CREDIT IS DUE
IF IT IS NOT SPECIFICALLY A GROUP ASSIGNMENT, DO NOT WORK WITH OTHERS

excessive collaboration

when you work on something WITH someone rather than looking for criticism > claim all the work as your own (1)

incremental plagiarism

not citing a paraphrase; can be accidental but still carries consequences

The Presentation Process

1. Select Topic
2. Determine Purpose
3. Research
4. Organize
5. Practice

communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

skills training

eliminating the feeling of having a skills deficit and lessening anxiety

systematic desensitization

muscular relaxation and visualizing a less threatening scenario

cognitive restructuring/modification

gets rid of negative thoughts the person is insecure about

visualization

envision yourself being successful with your presentation
-enhances speaking performance
-only suited to individuals whose mental imaging ability is high (visual learners)

audience analysis

position, interests, knowledge, reason audience is here, demographics

identification

process of expressing ideas and beliefs that you and your audience share - builds common ground
- word selection is important

Demographics

traits describing population/audience; too much emphasis is stereotyping

age, sex/gender, geographical location, group affiliation, socioeconomic factors

Psychological audience analysis

why audience is there, how they think about your topic, how motivated they are

attitudes: how positively or negatively you feel about something

values: ideals we hope to achieve - more global and abstract

Innoculation Theory

McGuire: asserts that people's beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced a challenge
- once they have experienced a challenge to their opinions, however, they are less vulnerable
- challenge is like a vaccination

favorable audience

similar opinions

goals:
-increase commitment and innoculate them (protect against counterpersuasion) and increase involvement

hostile audience

not on your side

-you perform better if you perceive your audience as nonsupportive

neutral audience

audience that has yet to form an attitude about your topic (blank canvas)

-new info? unfamiliar? apathetic?

audience motivation

-motivated audience: actively listening and analyzing
-passive audiences
- involvement: relevance to audience

captive audience

forced to attend your presentation

voluntary audience

come because they are interested; audience knowledge - experts or novices?

Learning styles

sensing/intuitive: sensing: concrete, practical facts, procedures, intuitive: theoretical, abstract, creative

visual/verbal

active/reflective: active: hands-on, discussion-oriented, enjoy group work, reflective: pensive, prefer to work alone

sequential/global: sequential: linear, logical, small steps, global: big picture, learn in big chunks

Environmental Audience Analysis

physical setting, length of presentation, time of day, occasion, order of speakers