AP WH Unit 2

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire that spanned across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Europe, known for its religious tolerance and cosmopolitan nature.

Devshirme

System in the Ottoman Empire where Christian children from the Balkans were taken, converted to Islam, and trained for government or military service.

Cossacks

People from southern Russia who facilitated the spread of the Russian empire through conquest and made deals with the Russian empire for full independence.

Peter the Great + Westernization

Russian Tsar who implemented a program of westernization to modernize Russia, adopting Western technology, education systems, and building a new capital modeled after European cities.

Ismail

Founder of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, who forcibly converted the empire to Shia Islam to maintain influence and control over the territory.

Mughal Empire

Turkish dynasty in India that united the Indian subcontinent, ruled by Babur and known for its religious tolerance and connections with Europe.

Akbar

Mughal emperor who implemented policies of toleration towards Hindus, incorporated them into the government, and lifted the Jizya tax.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor who reversed Akbar's policies, favored Muslims in the government, and reimposed the Jizya tax, leading to instability and revolts by Hindus.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that reestablished traditional Chinese culture, revived the exam system, and had a chauvinistic attitude towards other cultures.

Zheng He's Expeditions

Series of naval expeditions led by Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch, to project Chinese strength and establish tributary relations with other countries.

Sikhism

Religion founded in North India during Mughal times, blending elements of Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, emphasizing equality and having a potent military force.

Conquest of Siberia

Russian expansion into Siberia in search of fur, leading to the Russification of the native population and facilitated by the Little Ice Age.

The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of food, animals, people, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, leading to population booms in Europe and China.

New Laws of 1542

Laws enacted in response to Spanish conquistadors' abuse and exploitation of Native Americans, outlawing enslavement and starting to phase out the encomienda system.

Bartolome De las Casas

Spanish priest who wrote letters to the Spanish monarchy advocating for the rights of Native Americans, considered the first articulation of human rights.

Encomienda System

System of land and labor organization in the Caribbean that treated Native Americans as slaves, leading to exploitation and abuse.

Spanish Reconquista

600-year war in which Christian kingdoms in northern Spain fought against Muslim authorities to push them out of the Iberian Peninsula.

European Maritime Exploration

Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the world's oceans, establishing trading posts, and seeking new routes to Asia.

Caravel

Portuguese-designed ship that incorporated navigational technologies and was used for exploration along coastlines and up rivers.

Mercantilism

Economic theory adopted by European states that emphasized accumulating wealth through exports and discouraging imports, leading to the development of colonies.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trade network that developed as part of the Columbian Exchange, involving the transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas for labor on plantations.

Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, characterized by inhumane conditions, high death rates, and the spread of diseases.

Colonial Societies

Societies established by European colonizers in the Americas, characterized by social hierarchies, exploitation of native populations, and resistance movements.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement in Europe that challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church, led by figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Counter Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation, involving reforms within the Catholic Church, the establishment of the Jesuit order, and the Council of Trent.

Suppressed Simony

The act of buying or selling positions or privileges within the Church.

Reestablished celibacy of priesthood

The requirement for priests to remain unmarried and abstain from sexual relations.

Cleaned up practice of selling indulgences

The reform of the practice of selling forgiveness for sins or reducing time in purgatory.

Affirmed that salvation comes by faith and good works

The belief that salvation is achieved through a combination of faith in God and performing good deeds.

Affirmed doctrine of transubstantiation, eucharist

The belief that during the Eucharist, the bread and wine transform into the body and blood of Christ.

Split remained permanent

The division within the Church between Catholicism and Protestantism became permanent and was not reconciled.