BIO100 LAB

Eyewash Station

Rinse eyes for a minimum of 20 minutes in case of contamination.

First-Aid Kit

Kit that requires notifying the teacher and contacting the school nurse in case of injury.

Fire Extinguisher

Used for controlling fires, typically when the teacher is not present.

Proper Lab Attire

Includes closed-toe shoes, lab apron, lab goggles, and safety precautions for hair and jewelry.

Fire Drill Procedure

Put everything back on the table, remove gloves, goggles, and apron and exit through the back door.

Lab Safety Rules

Include no horseplay, no eating/drinking, reporting injuries, cleaning up, and proper glass handling.

Independent variable

The variable that the scientist changes during an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable.

Hypothesis

A suggested explanation for an observed event.

Constants

Variables that are kept constant throughout an experiment.

Control group

An experimental group under typical or normal conditions.

Homeostasis

Condition in which an organism's internal environment remains stable.

Adaptation

An inherited characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Autotroph

Organism that can produce its own food using sunlight or chemicals.

Heterotroph

Organism that must consume other living things for energy.

Experiment Scenario

Hypothesis, purpose, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants used in an experiment.

Requirements for Survival

Gas exchange, water, energy/food, elimination of waste, and a suitable environment.

Cacti adaptation

Storing water in their stems to survive in arid conditions.

Taxonomy Categories

The classification hierarchy including Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Domains of Life

Includes Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

Kingdoms of Life

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Characteristics of Protista

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular with some multicellular, can be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Characteristics of Fungi

Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, with cell walls made of chitin.

Characteristics of Archaea

Microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles.

Characteristics of Bacteria

Microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles.

Ribosome

Organelle that produces proteins.

Chloroplast

Organelle that captures energy from sunlight for food production.

Nucleus

Organelle that contains genetic material and controls cell activities.

Cytoplasm

Thick fluid region inside the cell membrane.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that receives, modifies, and distributes proteins.

Mitochondria

Organelle that converts energy in food into usable energy.

Diffusion

The process of molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Microscope Usage

Hold with one hand on the arm and one hand under the base, clean lenses with lens paper.

Animal Cell

Contains cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum.

Plant Cell

Contains cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast.

Preparing a Wet Mount Slide

Clean slide, add water, place specimen, and cover with slip to avoid bubbles.

Cell Theory

1. Every living thing is made of cells; 2. Cells perform functions necessary for life; 3. Cells arise from other cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Considered the father of microbiology, known for his work with microscopes.

Robert Hooke

First scientist to view and describe cells.

Louis Pasteur

Developed the germ theory of disease.

Active transport

Process that requires energy to move materials across the cell membrane.

Passive transport

Process that does not require energy to move materials across the cell membrane.

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA, which hold instructions for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

Proteins

Large molecules made of chains of amino acids.

Carbohydrates

Molecules that provide energy for living organisms.

Lipids

Fats, oils, and waxes found in living organisms.

Endocytosis

Process of materials entering the cell.

Exocytosis

Process of the cell getting rid of materials.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Cellular Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

DNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, which holds genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid, involved in protein synthesis.

DNA Bases

Adenine pairs with Thymine; Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

DNA Structure

Consists of a double helix composed of nucleotide components.

Mitosis

Cell division process including Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Meiosis

Type of cell division that produces gametes, involves PMAT twice.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Gas exchange

Essential process for survival where organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Cell Division Photos

Visual representation of stages like Telophase II, Cytokinesis, Metaphase II, and Prophase I.

Metabolism

The total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Movement

Refers to the ability of living organisms to change positions and locations.

Growth

A characteristic of living organisms that indicates an increase in size.

Reproduction

The biological process of producing new individuals.

Scientific Method

Systematic process for experimentation that is used to explore observations.

Safety Precautions

Important measures taken to ensure safety during laboratory experiments.

Germ Theory

The theory that microorganisms can cause disease.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that cells go through in order to divide and replicate.

Biological Classification

A system for naming and classifying organisms into groups based on similarities.

Pseudopodia

Temporary protrusions of eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists.

Gradient

A difference in concentration of a substance across a distance.

Selective Permeability

Property of cellular membranes that allows only certain molecules to enter or exit.

Chromosome

Structure within the cell that contains DNA and genetic information.

Cellular Organization

Refers to the arrangement and interaction of cells in a structured manner.

Protein Synthesis

Process by which cells create proteins based on genetic instructions.

Microorganisms

Living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that helps to neutralize pathogens.

Bioaccumulation

The accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, in an organism.

Bioremediation

The use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants.

Chromatography

A technique used to separate mixtures into their components.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol.

Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.

Molecular Biology

The study of biology at a molecular level.

Homeostasis examples

Temperature regulation, pH balance, and fluid balance in organisms.

Plasmids

Small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that are separate from chromosomal DNA.

Plant Adaptations

Changes in structure or function that allow plants to survive in specific habitats.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle responsible for protein and lipid synthesis.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.

Filtration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

Synthesis

The process of combining different elements to create something new.

Heredity

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Evolution

The process through which species undergo change over time due to natural selection.

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA among individuals within a population.

Natural Selection

The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Tissue

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.