Eyewash Station: Rinse eyes for a minimum of 20 minutes
First-Aid Kit: Inform teacher and contact school nurse
Fire Extinguisher: Use if teacher is not present
Closed-toe shoes
Lab Apron
Lab Goggles
Long hair pulled back
No dangling jewelry
No loose/baggy clothing
Gloves (when dealing with hazardous chemicals)
Put everything back on the table
Remove lab gloves, goggles, and apron
Exit through the back door of the classroom
No horseplay in the lab
Do not eat/drink during a lab
Report any injuries to the teacher
Clean up after yourself
Push your chair in when leaving lab
Do not pick up broken glass with bare hands
No ingesting or smelling chemicals
Independent variable: Variable that the scientist changes
Dependent variable: Variable that changes as a result of the independent variable
Hypothesis: Suggested explanation for an observed event
Constants (Controlled Variables): Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment
Control Group: Experimental group under 'typical' or 'normal' conditions
Homeostasis: Condition in which an organism's internal environment is kept stable
Adaptation: Inherited behavior or physical characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Cell: Basic unit of structure and function in living things
Autotroph: Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce its own food
Heterotroph: Organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things
Hypothesis: Lettuce seeds will not germinate unless they are covered with soil
Purpose: To determine if lettuce seeds will germinate above the soil
Independent variable: Where the seeds begin to germinate (above or below the soil)
Dependent variable: Number of seeds that germinate
Control Group: Seeds planted under the soil
Constants: Type of seed, type of soil, amount of water, temperature, number of seeds in each group
Growth
Reproduction
Adaptation
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Movement
Gas exchange
Water
Energy/Food
Elimination of waste
Suitable environment
Cacti storing water in their stems
Gradual adaptation to heat in a warmer environment
Giraffes evolving long necks to reach leaves high up in trees
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Autotroph: Makes its own food
Heterotroph: Must consume other living things for food/energy
Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Mostly unicellular, some multicellular
Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Cell walls made of cellulose
Eukaryotes
Mostly multicellular, some unicellular
Heterotrophs
Cell walls made of chitin
Microscopic
Unicellular
Lack a nucleus and organelles
Different cell walls and membranes from bacteria and eukaryotes
Microscopic
Unicellular
Lack a nucleus and organelles
Ribosome: Organelle that produces proteins
Chloroplast: Organelle that captures energy from sunlight for food production
Nucleus: Organelle that contains genetic material and controls cell activities
Cytoplasm: Thick fluid region inside the cell membrane
Golgi Apparatus: Organelle that receives and distributes proteins
Mitochondria: Organelles that convert energy in food to usable energy
Diffusion: Process of molecules moving from higher to lower concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Hold the microscope with one hand on the arm and one hand under the base
Clean the lenses with lens paper
Components: Diaphragm, Course adjustment knob, Stage, Light source, Rotating nosepiece
Animal Cell: Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plant Cell: Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Chloroplast
Clean the microscope slide with lens paper
Place a drop of water or saline solution in the middle of the slide
For plant cells, use tweezers to place the specimen in the water
For animal cells, swab the sample and swirl it in the saline solution
Place the cover slip on at an angle to prevent air bubbles
Every living thing is made of one or more cells
Cells carry out functions needed to support life
Cells come only from other living cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Father of microbiology
Robert Hooke: First scientist to view cells
Louis Pasteur: Developed germ theory
Active transport: Requires energy to move across the cell membrane
Passive transport: Does not require energy to move across the cell membrane
Nucleic acids are DNA, which holds instructions for maintenance, growth, and reproduction
Proteins: Chains of amino acids
Carbohydrates: Main molecules for providing energy
Lipids: Fats, oils, and waxes found in living things
Endocytosis: Materials entering the cell
Exocytosis: Cell getting rid of materials
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Molecules always move from higher to lower concentration in diffusion
DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
DNA Bases: Adenine (pairs with thymine), Cytosine (pairs with guanine), Thymine (pairs with adenine), Guanine (pairs with cytosine)
DNA Structure: Double Helix
Nucleotide Components: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, organic base
Complementary DNA Strands: CGTAGCGCTATAGCATCGCGATAT, TACTATCGATCGATAGAATGCTAG
Steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase: Growth, normal cell functions, replication of organelles and DNA
Similarities with Mitosis: Follows PMAT, has interphase, results in new cells
Differences with Mitosis: Goes through PMAT twice, produces 4 cells, purpose is reproduction, creates genetic variation
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Metaphase II
Prophase I
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body