Chapter 2

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Textbook- The Western Heritage (Kagan Textbook)

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20 Terms

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Jacob Burckhardt

19th century Swiss historian who described the Italian Renaissance as the "prototype of the modern world."

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Italian Renaissance

A period in the 14th and 15th centuries characterized by a revival of ancient learning and the emergence of secular and scientific values.

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City-States

Independent urban centers in Italy that thrived during the Renaissance, such as Venice, Florence, and Milan.

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Merchant Oligarchies

Wealthy merchant families that gained power in Italian city-states, often leading to despotism.

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Social Strife

Class divisions in cities like Florence led to conflicts between the old rich, newly rich, and lower socioeconomic classes.

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Cosimo de’ Medici

A powerful banker and statesman who manipulated the Florentine constitution to maintain control over the city.

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Humanism

A philosophy emphasizing the dignity of humankind, individualism, and secular values, often associated with the study of classical texts.

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Studia Humanitatis

A liberal arts program of study that included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy.

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Petrarch

Known as the "Father of Humanism," he wrote letters to ancient authors and emphasized the importance of classical literature.

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Renaissance Art

Characterized by naturalism, perspective, and human emotion, moving away from the abstract styles of the Middle Ages.

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Chiaroscuro

A technique in painting that uses light and shadow to create a sense of volume and three-dimensionality.

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Mannerism

An artistic style that emerged in the late Renaissance, allowing for individual expression and emotional complexity.

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Slavery

Flourished during the Renaissance, with a significant market for slaves in Italy, often used in households and plantations.

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Treaty of Lodi

An agreement that maintained peace among Italian city-states during the second half of the 15th century.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

A political philosopher who wrote "The Prince," advocating for pragmatic and sometimes ruthless political strategies.

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Printing Press

Invented by Johann Gutenberg, it revolutionized the spread of knowledge and literacy in Europe during the Renaissance.

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Erasmus

A prominent northern humanist who sought to reform the Catholic Church through education and critical scholarship.

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Spanish Empire

Established through exploration and conquest, leading to significant wealth and the spread of Catholicism in the New World.

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Aztec and Inca Civilizations

Major Native American empires that were conquered by Spanish explorers like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.

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Economic Impact

The influx of wealth from the Americas contributed to inflation and the rise of capitalist practices in Europe.