Ch 1.2 - What was the impact of Imperial expansion on international relations?

Balkans

a geographic are in south-eastern Europe, the principal states in 1913 were: Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Greece

Russo-Austrian Bulgarian war scare

in 1885 the Russians kidnapped the ruler of Bulgaria because he had refused to become a Russian puppet. This risked war with Austria, which wished to minimize Russian influence in Bulgaria

charismatic

inspiring great enthusiasm and loyalty

General Georg von Caprivi

German general and Reich Chancellor 1890-94

alliance system

the German-Austrian alliance of 1879 was opposed by the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894

Theophile Delcass

French Foreign Minister, 1898-1906. He was forced to resign by the Germans in 1905, but in 1911-13 he was Naval Minister and Foreign Minister again 1914-15

Entente

a friendly understanding between states rather than a formal alliance. The Anglo-French Entente was sometimes called the Entente Cordiale because it led to the restoration of good Anglo-French relations.

protectorate

a territory that is controlled and protected by another state

imperial overstretch

term describing the point when an empire has been overextended

The Fashoda Incident

Britain and France met in the Sudan, both claiming the territory for themselves. To prevent war a compromise was reached

Entente Cordiale

(1904) Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.

Moroccan Crisis of 1905

international crisis over the international status of Morocco

Moroccan Crisis 1911

A second attempt by Germany to assert influence in Morocco. Britain will intervene making it clear that that German influence in Morocco would not be tolerated, Strengthened ties between Britain, France, and Russia, Germany becomes more isolated

The Schlieffen Plan

it envisaged a two-front war against France and Russia. France was to be defeated within a month by a flanking movement through Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg and then the mass of the German army would move eastward to deal with Russia. The plan was later revised to omit Holland.

two-front war

a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia were tied in a series of alliances, promised to support each other in the event of any of them being attacked

South Slavs

Formed the main ethnic group in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which Austria occupied in 1878

Opium Wars

war between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges

Treaty of Nanking

British treaty with China where Chinese must open ports to British, pay for debts in opium and trades to merchants, and British prisoners released. They also had to pay tariffs for goods imported and exported. The Island of Hong Kong was also ceded to the British

Ice-free port

a seaport that is free of ice in the winter, so that it an be used throughout the year

Sino-Japanese War

Dispute over who should control Korea. Japan quickly overran Korea, Manchuria and parts of China. Japan wins

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Japan gains Formosa and Port Arthur. Korea is declared independent from Chinese influence

Triple Intervention

France, Russia, and Germany forced Japan to and over control of Port Arthur to Russia

Triplice

am agreement between three powers to work together

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China

Kiaochow

in 1897 the Germans seize Kiaochow in revenge for the murder of two missionaries. They also secured mining rights in the neighboring province of Shantung

coaling station

a base where steamships can be fueled with coal

Boxer

a secret Chinese patriotic and nationalist organization. The literal translation is "the Righteous and Harmonious Fists"

Treaty Powers

those powers which have signed treaties with China giving them territorial concession sand commercial privileges

Legation quarter

the area in Beijing where foreign diplomats, businessmen,etc., and their families lived

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

The Boxer Protocol

Chinese forced to sign after suppressed in Boxer Rebellion. Required regime to pay gold for damages to foreign life and property and allowed Western powers to station troops in Beijing

Boers

Descendants of Dutch settlers who had originally colonized South Africa

William Gladstone

A Liberal British Prime Minister

Shaka

A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state.

The Anglo-Zulu War, 1879

A series of bloody battles over the borders of Cape Colony

Paul Kruger

President of the Transvaal

The First Boer War, 1880-81

Started when Britain claimed the gold and diamond rich, Transvaal, Boers rebelled and claimed independence. Was won by the Boers. Transvaal and the Orange Free State were given self-governing status under British oversight

The Jameson Raid, 1895

British government hoped the settlers in Transvaal would rebel with the intention that British forces would aid the rebellion. No rebellion ever materialized and the British forces were driven back

The Kruger Telegram

Sent by German Kaiser Wilhelm II to Paul Kruger congratulating him on defeating the raid.Caused the deterioration in Anglo-German relations

The Second Boer War

Kruger demanded the withdraw of British troops and full independence for the Transvaal, Britain refused. Kruger declared war. Boers developed guerrilla tactics. Britain eventually won

The Treaty of Vereeniging

Placed the Orange Free State and the Transvaal under British control

"scorched earth" policy

The battle tactic in which an army burns crops and property in an area to deny the enemy food and shelter

Effects of the Boer Wars on Britain

The British Empire was challenged by a small number of Boers revealing fundamental weaknesses of the Empire. Cost the British a large amount of money and lives. Britain was condemned by the international community for the use of the scorched earth policy and the establishment of concentration camps

sovereign

Self-ruling and independent

international law

law concerning international relations - relations between states

Paul Cambon

French ambassador in London, and a key figure in negotiating the the Entente Cordiale

arbitration

a form of resolving disputes through mediation by a third party.

Permanent Court of Arbitration

set up to be composed of judges nominated by the nations which had signed the arbitration agreement

Berlin Conference 1884-85

Representatives from 13 European states met to divide up Africa according to what each country desired

Treaty of Berlin (1885)

1) Free passage for all ships on the Niger and Congo Rivers 2) Slavery should be abolished throughout the African continent 3) In order to take possession of an African territory, a European nations would have to inform other governments of its claim and demonstrate that the territory was "effectively occupied"

Effectively occupied

This meant that the land was genuinely under the control of the European nation - it could be properly administered and defended

Purpose of Berlin Conference

To avoid conflict amongst the European colonial powers in Africa

Indirect Control

Strategy of Colonization used by England and the USA. Local governments were allowed, and limited self rule. Eventually the colonies would be able to rule themselves.

Direct Control

type of control where foreign officials were brought in to rule

Paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Great Trek

A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.