Exam 2 Taxonomy

Agnathans are…

jawless fishes

(ex. lampreys, hagfish)

Gnathostomes are…

jawed vertebrates

Pteraspidiformes

(A) Arandaspis
(B) Pteraspis

Furcacaudiformes (“forktail”)

Thelodontiformes (“nipple teeth”, “hollow scales”, or coelolepids)

Conodonta (“cone teeth”)

Sea squirt / tunicate

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Urochordata

Lancelet

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Cephalochordata

Order: Amphioxiformes

Hagfish

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Craniata

Infraphylum: Myxinomorphi

Class: Myxini

Order: Myxiniformes

Family: Myxinidae

Lamprey

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Craniata

Infraphylum: Vertebrata

Superclass: Pteromyzontomorphi

Class: Petromyzontida

Order: Petromyzontiformes

Family: Petromyzontidae

Placoderm (“plate skinned”)

The class Chondrichthyes includes all cartilaginous fishes, such as…

sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras

The infraclass Elasmobranchii includes all…

sharks and rays

Whale shark (rasp tooth)

Order: Orectolobiformes

Family: Rhincodontidae

Nurse shark (hinge mouth)

Order: Orectolobiformes

Family: Ginglymostomatidae

Sand tiger shark (ragged tooth)

Order: Lamniformes

Family: Odontaspididae

Thresher shark (fox shark)

Order: Lamniformes

Family: Alopiidae

Mackerel shark (white shark / serrated / sharp tooth)

Order: Lamniformes

Family: Lamnidae

(Note: Includes many species. Salmon, mako, and great white are all in here.)

Hammerhead shark

Order: Carcharhiniformes

Family: Sphyrnidae

Bull shark (requiem shark)

Order: Carcharhiniformes

Family: Carcharhinidae

Dogfish shark

Order: Squaliformes

Family: Squalidae

Skates

Order: Rajiformes

Family: Rajidae

Eagle ray

Order: Myliobatiformes

Family: Myliobatidae

Manta ray

Order: Myliobatiformes

Family: Myliobatidae

Stingray

Order: Myliobatiformes

Family: Dasyatidae

Cownose ray

Order: Myliobatiformes

Family: Rhinopteridae

Chimaera

Order: Chimeraformes

The subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and relatives) includes which seven infraclasses?

1. Actinistia (coelacanths)

2. Dipnomorpha

3. Tetrapoda

4. Onychodontida (extinct)

5. Rhizondontida (extinct)

6. Osteolepidida (extinct)

7. Elpistostegalia (extinct)

Class Osteichthyes includes…

all bony fishes and tetrapod descendants

Coelacanth

Subclass: Sarcopterygii

Infraclass: Actinistia

(Coelocanthimorpha)

Lungfish (dipnoans)

Subclass: Sarcopterygii

Infraclass: Dipnomorpha

Order: Ceratodontiformes

Bichir

Subclass: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Cladistia

Order: Polypteriformes

Paddlefish

Subclass: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Chondrostei

Order: Acipenseriformes

Family: Polyodontidae

Sturgeon

Subclass: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Chondrostei

Order: Acipenseriformes

Family: Acipenseridae

Gar

Subclass: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Holostei

Order: Lepisosteiformes

Bowfin

Subclass: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Holostei

Order: Amiiformes

Bonefish

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Albuliformes

Tarpon

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Elopiformes

Family: Megalopidae

Ladyfish

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Elopiformes

Family: Elopidae

True eels

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Anguiliiformes

Family: Anguillidae

Snake eels

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Anguilliformes

Family: Ophichthidae

Moray eels

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Anguilliformes

Family: Muraenidae

Gulper eels (pelican eels)

Division: Teleostei

Cohort: Elopomorpha

Order: Anguilliformes

Family: Eurypharyngidae

Bony tongues (arowanas and arapaima)

Division: Teleostei

Cohort / Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha

Order: Osteoglossiformes

Mooneyes

Division: Teleostei

Cohort / Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha

Order: Hiodontiformes

Family: Hiodontidae

Herrings

Division: Teleostei
Superorder: Culpeomorpha

Order: Clupeiformes

Family: Clupeidae

Anchovies

Division: Teleostei

Superorder: Culpeomorpha

Order: Clupeiformes

Family: Engraulidae

Slickheads

Division: Teleostei

Order: Alepocephaliformes

Minnows, shiners, carps, and chubs

Superorder: Ostariophysi

Order: Cypriniformes

Family: Cyprinidae

Tetras, piranhas, and hatchetfish

Superorder: Ostariophysi

Order: Characiformes

Freshwater catfish

Superorder: Ostariophysi

Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ictaluridae

Marine catfish

Superorder: Ostariophysi

Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ariidae

Trout, salmon, and whitefish

Class: Actinopterygii
Division: Teleostei

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Order: Salmoniformes

Family: Salmonidae

Pikes, pickerels, and mudminnows

Cohort: Euteleostei

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Order: Esociformes

Smelts

Class: Actinopterygii

Cohort: Euteleostei

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Order: Osmeriformes

Barreleyes

Class: Actinopterygii

Cohort: Euteleostei

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Order: Argentiniformes

Bristlemouths, hatchetfish, and light fish

Cohort: Euteleostei

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Order: Stomiiformes

Lizardfish

Cohort: Neoteleostei

Superorder: Cyclosquamata

Order: Aulopiformes

Family: Synodontidae

Lanternfish

Cohort: Neoteleostei

Superorder: Scopelomorpha

Order: Myctophiformes

Family: Myctophidae

Opahs and oarfish

Cohort: Neoteleostei

Superorder: Lampriomorpha

Order: Lampriformes

Pirate perch

Cohort: Neoteleostei

Superorder: Paracanthopterygii

Order: Percopsiformes

Family: Aphredoderidae

Troutperches, cods, toadfishes, anglerfishes

Cohort: Neoteleostei

Superorder: Paracanthopterygii

Order: Percopsiformes