AMSCO Chapter 5

Zachary Taylor

* General that moved his army toward the Rio Grande, across territory claimed by Mexico
* Mexican army killed 11 people
* Polk justified sending his prepared war message to Congress

Bear Flag Republic

* California’s name under John C. Fremont’s rule
* Flag included a Californian Grizzly Bear

Fifty Four Forty or Fight

* Democratic slogan
* “reoccupy” Oregon territory all the way to the border with Russian Alaska at latitude 54’40
* Appealed strongly to American westerners and Southerners who were in an expansionist mood

\

Theodore Weld

________ writes numerous pamphlets, some with Angelina Grimke.

Lincoln

________ was assassinated 5 days later after surrender by John Wilkes Booth.

Compromise of 1850

* California was admitted as a state
* Added to the North’s political power
* Abolished slave trade in Washington, D.C
* Fugitive Slave Law

Nativism

* Hostility to German immigrants
* Led to sporadic riots in big cities

\

Gold Rush

* Occurred in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories
* Mining camps and towns sprang up every time there was a discovery

Fugitive Slave Law

* Persuaded any Southerners to accept that California would be a free state
* Purpose to help owners track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners

\

Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Harriet Beecher Stowe

* Book about the conflict between an enslaved man and a white slaver owner
* Moved a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhumane

\

Mathew C. Perry and Kanagawa Treaty

* Allowed U.S. vessels to enter two Japanese ports to take on coal
* Led to a trade agreement

\

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

* Made himself the dictator of Mexico
* Abolished the nation’s federal government

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

* Territory split between Maine and British Canada
* Settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory
* Left iron-rich Mesabi Range on the U.S. side of the border

\

John C. Fremont

* Proclaimed California to be an independent republic

Tammany Hall

* Drew support from immigrants
* Irish controlled by 1880s

\

Underground Railroad

* Loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North or Canada

Harriet Tubman

* “Conductor” on the Underground Railroad
* Made 19 trips to the South to help about 300 people escape slavery

\

Alamo

* Mexican army led by Santa Anna captured the town of Goliad and attacked the Alamo in San Antonio
* Killed every one of its American defenders

\

Wilmot Proviso

* Amended to forbid slavery in any new territory acquired from Mexico

Popular Sovereignty

* Determining if a new state should have slaves is determined by a vote of the people who settled the territory

Free-soil Party

* Chief Objective: Preventing the extension of slavery
* Advocated free homesteads and internal improvements such as roads and harbors

\

Rio Grande

* Border between the United States and Mexico
* Originally more north on the Nueces River, but Polk and Slidell asserted that the border is more south

\

Gasden Purchase

* Forms the southern sections of present-day New Mexico and Arizona

Mexican-American War

* Mostly fought in Mexican territories by small armies of Americans
* Taking in New Mexico territory and Southern California

\

John Tyler

* Southern Whig
* Worked to annex Texas, but Senate rejected
* Not elected
* President after Harrison died

\

Stephan Austin

* Brought 300 families into Texas and thereby beginning a steady migration of American settlers into the vast farming territory

James K. Polk

* Protégé of Andrew Jackson
* Committed to Manifest Destiny
* Favored annexation of Texas, the acquisition of California, and “reoccupation” of Oregon

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hilgado and Mexican Cession

* Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas
* U.S. took possession of the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico
* Paid $15 million
* Assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico

Sam Houston

* Led a group of American settlers that revolted and declared Texas an independent republic in 1836

Manifest Destiny

* The United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America
* Driven by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advancement, and reform ideas

Panic of 1857

* Decrease in prices for Midwestern agricultural products
* Increase in unemployment in Northern cities
* Cotton prices remained high
* South was less affected

\

Confederate States of America

* Modeled after the U.S. Constitution
* Denied the Confederate Congress the powers to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds for internal improvements
* Prohibited the slave trade

13th Amendment

* Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime, shall exist within the United States
* 4 million people were freed

\

Gettysburg Address

* Lincoln rallied Americans to the idea that their nation was dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal
* Advanced the cause of democratic government in the U.S.
* Inspired democracy around the world

\

15th Amendment

* Prohibited any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

14th Amendment

* 1868
* All persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens
* Obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of law”

\

Bleeding Kansas

* Fight between pro slavery and antislavery groups on the border on Kansas

Know-Nothing Party

* People were frightened by immigration
* Declined when the significance of immigration declined

\

Stephan A. Douglas

* Senator of Illinois
* Proposed building a transcontinental railroad through the center of the country to promote western settlement
* Introduced bill to divide Nebraska into two parts: Kansas and Nebraska, and allow settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow slavery

\

Freedman’s Bureau

* Acted as a welfare, providing food, shelter, and medical aid to Black and White Americans left destitute by the war
* Established 3,000 schools for freed people

Black Codes

* Restricted rights of African Americans
* Couldn’t rent land or borrow money to buy land
* Couldn’t testify against whites in court
* Signed work agreements and worked on cotton farms

\

Ku Klux Klan

* Burned Black-owned buildings
* Flogged and murdered several thousand freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights

Ulysses S. Grant

* Used a combination of gun boats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

* For the 1858 Illinois Senate Race
* Lincoln only known for 1 term in Congress as a Whig
* Douglas was the champion of popular sovereignty

Robert E. Lee

* Commander of the South’s Eastern forces
* Stopped the Union Army from invading Virginia

\

Panic of 1873

* Rendered thousands of Northern laborers jobless and homeless
* Over speculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads led to widespread business failures and depression

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

* Almost 200,000 African Americans, most who escaped slavery, served in the Union army and navy
* Segregated into black units
* Won the respect of white Union soldiers

\

Emancipation Proclamation

* All slaves held withing designated states would be free
* Only applies to Confederate States under Union control
* Enlarged the purpose of the war

\

Jefferson Davis

* Tried to increase his executive powers during the war, but Southern governors resisted his attempts, some holding back troops and resources to protect their own state
* President of the Confederate States of America

Crittenden Compromise

* Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky proposes a Constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of the old Missouri Compromise line

Homestead Act

* 1862
* Promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed the land for at least five years

John Brown and Harper’s Ferry

* Slaves and Brown’s sons tried to attack the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
* Wanted to arm slaves

Kansas-Nebraska Act

* Divided Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska
* Gave settlers the right to decide if there was slavery
* Located north of the Missouri Compromise
* Gave southerners opportunity to expand slavery

Republican Party

* Opposed slavery expansion
* Founded in Wisconsin in 1854 as a reaction to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Composed of Free-soilers and antislavery Whigs and Democrats
* Called for the repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Law

John Tyler

Going Rogue

James Polk

Expansionist

Ex

Ben Franklin opposed slavery

Who would control the process

Southern states, President, or Congress