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Native Americans
Indigenous peoples who lived west of the Mississippi, with a population of 360,000 during the mid to late 1800s.
Cultural exposure
The process by which Native Americans became increasingly aware of and influenced by Eastern cultures.
Sioux
A prominent Native American tribe known for its rich cultural heritage and significant historical events.
Mandan
A Native American tribe known for their unique religious rituals, including the annual Okipa ceremony.
Buffalo
A key food source for Native Americans, essential for survival and deeply rooted in their religious beliefs.
Transcontinental Railroad
A rail line that connected the east and west coasts of the United States, leading to significant changes in the Plains.
Buffalo hunters
Individuals hired by railroads to kill buffalo herds, greatly contributing to the species' decline.
Teton Massacre
An event in which Native Americans killed gold miners, a response to encroachment on their lands.
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty
An 1867 treaty aimed at relocating Southern Plains Natives to Oklahoma.
Custer's Last Stand
The battle in 1876 at Little Bighorn where Custer and his men were defeated by Sioux warriors.
Sitting Bull
A prominent Sioux chief and spiritual leader who became a symbol of Native American resistance.
Buffalo Bill
William Cody, known for his Wild West Show which showcased myths and legends of the American West.
Carlisle Indian School
A boarding school aimed at assimilating Native Americans into European American culture.
Ghost Dance Religion
A spiritual movement among the Sioux that promised resurgence and protection against colonization.
Dawes Severalty Act
An 1887 law that forced Native Americans to adopt individual landownership and citizenship.
Economic downturns
Periods of economic decline that led to reduced rations for Native American reservations.
Cultural assimilation
The process in which Native Americans were encouraged to abandon their cultural practices for European American norms.
Okipa ceremonies
Religious rituals performed by the Mandan that included elaborate rites and cultural symbolism.
Bison extinction
The near extinction of the American Bison by 1900 due to overhunting and habitat loss.
Railroad expansion
The growth of railway systems into western territories, leading to conflicts with Native Americans.
Homesteading
The settlement of land typically made available to settlers by the U.S. government.
Custer's heroism
The public image of George Custer, shaped by his actions and media coverage after his military engagements.
Nez Perce
A Native American tribe from the Pacific Northwest known for their significant history with U.S. expansion.
Ration reductions
Cuts made to the food supplies provided to Native Americans living on reservations.
Uprisings
Rebellions by Native American tribes against U.S. government policies and actions.
William Cody
Also known as Buffalo Bill, he was influential in creating a romanticized image of the American West.
Economic exploitation
The practice of land speculators buying Native land, undermining their rights and autonomy.
Cultural identity
The shared characteristics that define a group, often threatened by external pressures for assimilation.
Annual migrations
The seasonal movement of buffalo herds that Native Americans relied upon for food.
Sitting Bull's death
An event that catalyzed increased resistance among the Sioux following his assassination.
Cultural practices
Traditions and rituals that define a group's identity, often disrupted by colonization.
Gold miners
Individuals who sought to extract gold from the earth, often leading to conflicts with Native Americans.
Religious beliefs
Spiritual practices and ideologies that are significant to Native American tribes.
Farming parcels
Land allocated to Native Americans under the Dawes Act for agricultural purposes.
Cultural legacy
The lasting impact of Native American traditions, stories, and cultural elements on American society.
Settler expansion
The movement of settlers into territories inhabited by Native Americans, leading to conflict and displacement.
Iron Horse
A term referring to the locomotive trains that symbolized technological advancement and its impact on Native populations.
Cultural survival
The efforts made by Native Americans to maintain their cultural heritage amidst assimilation pressures.
Provisions
Supplies of food and resources provided to Native Americans, which were often insufficient.
Westward expansion
The movement of American settlers into the western territories, significantly affecting Native communities.
Civil rights
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality, relevant to the struggles of Native Americans.
