psychology 1 chapter 4 openstax

1. the bodys biological clock is located in the ________.

a. hippocampus

b. thalamus

c. hypothalamus

d. pituitary gland

c. hypothalamus

2. _______ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

a. jet lag

b. rotating shift work

c. circadian rhythm

d. sleep debt

d. sleep debt

3. ______ cycles occur roughly once evry 24 hours

a. biological

b. circadian

c. rotating

d. conscious

b. circadian

4. ______ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks

a. light-dark exposure

b. coffee consumption

c alcohol consumption

d. napping

a. light-dark exposure

5. growth hormone is secreted by the _____

a. pineal gland

b. thyroid

c. pituitary gland

d. pancreas

c. pituitary gland

6. the _____ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.

a. hypothalamus

b. thalamus

c. pons

d. both A and B

d. both A and B

7. ______ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function

a. growth hormone

b. melatonin

c. LH

d. FSH

b. melatonin

8. ______ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks

a. melatonin

b. slow wave sleep

c. sleep deprivation

d. growth hormone

b. slow wave sleep

9. ______ is(are) described as slow wave sleep

a. stage 1

b. stage 2

c. stage 3 and stage 4

d. REM sleep

c. stage 3 and stage 4

10. sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ______ sleep

a. stage 1

b. stage 2

c. stage 3 and stage 4

d. REM

b stage 2

11. symptoms of _____ may be improved by REM deprivation

a. schizophrenia

b. Parkinson's disease

c. depression

d. generalized anxiety disorder

c. depression

12. the _____ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream

a. latent

b. manifest

c. collective unconscious

d. important

a. latent

13. _______ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy

a. RBD

b. CPAP

c. cataplexy

d. insomnia

c. cataplexy

15. the most common treatment for ______ involves the use of amphetamine- like medications

a sleep apnea

b. RBD

C. SIDS

d. narcolepsy

d. narcolepsy

16. _____ is another word for sleepwalking

a. insomnia

b. somnambulism

c. cataplexy

d. narcolepsy

b. somnambulism

17. ______ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

a. withdrawal

b. psychological dependence

c. tolerance

d. reputake

c. tolerance

18. cocaine blocks the reputake of ______

a. GABA

b. glutamate

c. acetylcholine

d. dopamine

d. dopamine

19. ____ refers to drug craving

a. psychological dependence

b. antagonism

c. agonism

d. physical dependence

a. psychological dependence

20. LSD affects ______ neurotransmission

a. dopamine

b. serotonin

c. acetylcholine

d norepinephrine

b. serotonin

21. _____ is the most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion

a. hypnosis

b. meditation

c. mindful awareness

d. cognitive therapy

a hypnosis

22. _____ has its roots in religious practice

a. hypnosis

b. meditation

c. cognitive therapy

d. behavioral therapy

b. meditation

23. meditation may be helpful in

a. pain management

b. stress control

c. treating the flu

d. both A and B

d. both A and B

24. research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ______

a. hypnosis

b. meditation

c. mindful awareness

d. progressive relaxation

a. hypnosis

14. an individual may suffer from _____ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing

a. central sleep apnea

b. obstructive sleep apnea

c. narcolepsy

d. SIDS

a. central sleep apnea

what is the longest time a human went without sleep

11 days

who holds the record of time without sleep

Randy Gardner

what effects did it have on Randy

negative cognitive and behavioral changes

what does “sleeping on it” do

provides clarity to something we were thinking about

how does sleeping on it work

your brain works while you sleep and strengthens and selects memories

what is a dualist

belief that humans consist of thought and matter

what is a monist

belief that thought and matter are one in the same

what is conscious level

Information about you and your environment that you are currently aware of

non concious level

bodily processes you currently  aren’t aware of

preconscious level

Information about you or your environment that you aren’t thinking about but you could be

subconscious level

information that you aren’t consciously aware of but know exists

unconscious level

some events and feelings that are unacceptable to our conscious minds and are represented into our unconscious minds

what are circadian rhythms

A biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses with a time period of 24 hours

The human clock is naturally set to what?

24 hours 18 minutes

How does sunlight affect this clock?

It helps to reset the clock, but would function without it

What can cause circadian rhythms to change?

Time zone change shift work medication, drugs, alcohol and stress

What effects can these changes of the clock cause?

Weight gain impulsive behaviour slowed thought processing

How much sleep do infants need?

14 to 15 hours

How much sleep do toddlers need?

12 to 14 hours

How much sleep do preschoolers need?

11 to 13 hours

How much sleep do school age children need?

10 to 11 hours

How much sleep do teenagers need?

8 to 10 hours

How long is an average sleep cycle?

90 minutes

What are the five stages of sleep?

Wake/alert, N1,N2,N3, REM

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

Controls onset of sleep

How is the hippocampus involved in sleep?

Memory region active during dreaming

How was the amygdala involved in sleep?

Emotion centre active during dreaming

How is the thalamus involved in sleep?

Prevent sensory signals from reaching the cortex

How is the reticular formation involved in sleep?

Regulates the transition from sleep to awake

How is the ponds involved in sleep?

Helps initiate rem sleep

What happens during REM sleep

Our eyes move very rapidly in all directions

What do we do during the stage of REM sleep?

This is the time we dream

what percentage of our sleep cycle was spent in REM

20–25%

How does REM change throughout the night?

it stays for about 14 to 45 minutes then passes to non-REM sleep

What dream do people remember?

Ones that occurred closest to the morning

What constitute 75–80% of our sleep cycle

NREM sleep

NREM sleep is divided into how many stages

Four

How does NREM change through throughout the night?

Decrease in length as nights’ sleep progresses

What occurs during NREM sleep part of the sleep cycle

Night terrors

Higher IQ is linked to which

Night owls

Who may perform better in school

Morning people

What is repair theory?

Things we do during the day deplete key factors that get replenished by sleep

What is adaptive theory?

Sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to nocturnal predators

What are the effects on the body if we miss sleep?

Immune system, increases levels of stress hormones, disrupt metabolism

What are the effects on the brain if we miss sleep?

Irritability unhappiness hallucinations moodiness and interferes with tasks requiring concentration

What is insomnia?

Persistent problems getting to sleep or staying asleep

What is narcolepsy?

Randomly falling asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times

What is sleep apnea

Causes a person to stop breathing for a short period of time during the night when they sleep

What are night terrors?

Nightmares that the individual wakes up in a panic from

What is somnambulism

Sleepwalking

What is a CPAP machine?

A machine that keeps your airways open when you sleep

How does a CPAP machine work?

It uses air pressure to keep breathing airways open

What is the main treatment for sleep apnea

CPAP machine

What are the negative effects associated with sleep apnea

Increase risk of car accidents, hypertension cardiovascular disease, diseases, mitochondrial infraction, stroke atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer and neuro degeneration

What is a major cause of sleep deprivation teens?

Texting

Doing what before bed can prevent sleep?

Playing games on your phone

Lack of sleep can cause what?

Mood behaviour, cognitive problems, ADHD, anxiety, and depression

What is psychoanalytical theory?

Dream interpretation as a method to uncover the repressed information in the unconscious mind

Psychological theory posits dreams what?

Reflect the same thoughts, fears concerns, problems and emotions that we have when awake

What is manifest content?

The literal content of dreams

What is latent content?

The unconscious meaning of the manifest content

what does activation synthesis theory?

our cerebral cortex tries to interpret random electrical signals we have while sleeping

Activation synthesis theory attempts to explain why our dreams are what?

Random and fictitious

What is information processing theory?

Points out that stress during the day will increase the number intensity of our dreams

According to information processing theory, what is the main cause of our dreams?

The brain processing daily stress and information during rem sleep

What is hypnosis

A state of consciousness that involves being relaxed state with a heightened ability to focus on specific things

what is suggestion

A basic part of hypnosis

What is posthypnotic amnesia

When people report forgetting events that occurred while they were hypnotised

What is posthypnotic suggestion?

A suggestion that a hypnotize person behave in a certain way after he or she is brought out of hypnosis

What is role theory

Role theory suggests that some people are more easily hypnotize than others

What is dissociation theory

Hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily

Explain Ernest Hilgard’s experiment

He asked hypnotize participants to put their arm in ice water. The hypnotize participants reported no pain but when asked to lift their index finger if they felt pain most of them lifted their finger.

what did Ernest claim it demonstrated?

The presence of a hidden observer or some different level of consciousness

What is meditation?

A form of self control in which a person can cut off the outside world

What are psychoactive drugs?

Chemicals that change the chemistry of our brains and our bodies

how do psychoactive drugs work?

They alter the neurotransmitters availability at the synapse or by interacting with the neurotransmitter receptor itself