chapter 7

Classical conditioning

Associated with "associative" learning

Shaping

Most closely associated with "operant" conditioning

Stimulus generalization

Humans become an example of stimulus "generalization"

Spontaneous recovery

Term that best describes the recent recovery of Charles' behavior

Unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response

Wartime propaganda creates this response towards the enemy

Spontaneous recovery

Example of sudden reappearance of a conditioned response

Negative reinforcement

Removing a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response

Operant conditioning

Learning where voluntary responses are controlled by consequences

Operant conditioning

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by consequences

Punishment effects

Can result in a decrease in the target behavior, an increase in aggression, or avoidance behavior

Unconditioned stimulus

Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Classical conditioning

Teaching coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with sheep

Shaping

Likely method used to teach a child to eat with a spoon

Classical conditioning

Most phobias are explained by this type of learning

Stimulus discrimination

Example of this in classical conditioning with Giorgio's reaction to red cars

Punishment

Parents using this to suppress their son's screaming behavior

Extinction

Occurs in classical conditioning when US and CS are no longer paired, and in operant conditioning when reinforcement is withheld

Taste aversion

Classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste associated with illness

Skinner

Correctly matched with reinforcement

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to the CS

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to practice or experience

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response

Negative reinforcement

Never the same as punishment

Stimulus discrimination

Occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus and not to similar stimuli

Pairing emetic with alcohol

Likely outcome for John in classical conditioning

Unconditioned response

An unlearned reaction elicited by a stimulus without learning

Reinforcement

Event that increases the probability of a response being repeated

Extinction

Process where the CR "dies out" in classical conditioning

Acquisition

Phase where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Extinction

Gradual suppression of a learned behavior, weakening of the association between CS and UCS

Positive reinforcement

Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response.

Positive punishment

Using punishment to discourage a behavior.

Reinforcement

Action that leads to a behavior being repeated in the future.

Secondary reinforcer

Term describing money.

Pavlov

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning by accident.

Primary reinforcer

Term describing "thirst."