chapter 7
Classical conditioning is associated with this type of learning. Question 1 options: manifest associative lucid classical
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Classical conditioning is associated with "associative" learning.
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Shaping is most closely associated with what form of conditioning? Question 2 options: fixed observational operant intermittent
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Shaping is most closely associated with "operant" conditioning.
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A dog is repeatedly abused by its owner and soon shrinks away from contact with any humans. From a learning perspective, humans are now an example of stimulus _____. Question 3 options: conditioning extinction generalization sensitization
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From a learning perspective, humans are now an example of stimulus "generalization."
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Charles and Rosa are dating. When they were happy together Charles, who associated Rosa with positive things, would always smile whenever he saw Rosa. But lately they've been fighting a lot and Charles no longer associates Rosa with positive things. Consequently, he stopped smiling upon seeing Rosa. But lately, Charles has begun smiling whenever he sees Rosa, despite no improvement in their situation. Evaluate this series of events: what term best describes the recent recovery of Charles' behaviour? Question 4 options: spontaneous conditioned systematic extroceptive
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The term that best describes the recent recovery of Charles' behavior is "spontaneous" recovery.
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Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy. Question 5 options: a) an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response b) a punished response c) an unfavorable learned response through imitation d) a reinforced response
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The correct option is:
a) an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response
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Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror and felt her heart pounding when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider on her desk. This is an example of _____. Question 6 options: a) spontaneous recovery b) an extreme case of arachnophobia c) total recall d) sudden reconditioning
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The correct option is:
a) spontaneous recovery
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Taking away or removing a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____. Question 7 options: a) primary punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive reinforcement d) secondary punishment
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The correct option is:
b) negative reinforcement
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A child learns that whenever he eats all his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________. Question 8 options: a) biofeedback theory b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) social learning theory
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The correct option is:
c) operant conditioning
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Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____. Question 9 options: a) self-efficacy b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) all of these options
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The correct option is:
c) operant conditioning
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Punishment can result in _____. Question 10 options: a) a decrease in the target behavior b) an increase in aggression or passive aggressiveness c) an increase in avoidance behavior d) all of these options
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The correct option is:
d) all of these options
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Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) _____. Question 11 options: a) instinctive response b) operant stimulus c) unconditioned stimulus d) rewarding stimulus
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The correct option is:
c) unconditioned stimulus
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Garcia and his colleagues taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes. This is an example of _____. Question 12 options: a) operant conditioning b) classical conditioning c) negative punishment d) positive punishment
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The correct option is:
b) classical conditioning
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You clap with delight when your young son picks up a spoon. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you _____. Question 13 options: a) are using classical conditioning b) are using a fixed interval schedule c) are using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon d) are using a fixed ratio schedule
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The most likely option is:
c) are using shaping to teach your son to eat with a spoon.
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Most phobias are explained by _____. Question 14 options: a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) personality defects d) latent learning
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The correct option is:
a) classical conditioning
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Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning? Question 15 options: a) Phoung is an aggressive driver, but stops for red lights because she got a ticket for running one several months ago. b) Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn't wearing one. c) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van. d) Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on.
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The correct option is:
c) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
This demonstrates stimulus discrimination because Giorgio has learned to differentiate between similar stimuli (red cars versus other red vehicles).
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Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? Question 16 options: a) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming. b) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. c) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. d) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming.
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The correct option is:
a) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming.
In this scenario, the parents' action of yelling "Shut up!" serves as a punishment, aiming to decrease the occurrence of the behavior (screaming) in the future.
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Extinction occurs in _____ conditioning when the US and CS are no longer paired; extinction occurs in _____ conditioning, when reinforcement is withheld. Question 17 options: a) operant; classical b) voluntary; involuntary c) classical; operant d) insight; latent
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The correct option is:
c) classical; operant
Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are no longer paired. Extinction occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcement is withheld.
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A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as _____. Question 18 options: a) negative taste response b) taste aversion c) conditioned taste response d) taste contingency
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The correct option is:
b) taste aversion
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Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? Question 19 options: a) Pavlov: operant conditioning b) Thorndike: classical conditioning c) Skinner: reinforcement d) All of these options are correctly matched
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The correct option is:
c) Skinner: reinforcement
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The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the CS is called _____. Question 20 options: a) immediate recall b) sudden recall c) a flashback d) spontaneous recovery
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The correct option is:
d) spontaneous recovery
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A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____. Question 1 options: a) knowledge b) learning c) training d) intuition
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The correct option is:
b) learning
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When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in _____ a behavior. Question 2 options: a) shaping b) generalizing c) discriminating d) the continuous reinforcement of
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The correct option is:
a) shaping
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Negative reinforcement is _____ the same as punishment. Question 3 options: a) sometimes b) always c) mostly d) never
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The correct option is:
d) never
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The occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus and not to other, similar stimuli is called stimulus _____. Question 4 options: a) discrimination b) recovery c) inflexibility d) differentiation
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The correct option is:
a) discrimination
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John Michael is an alcoholic who cannot seem to stop drinking. He goes to a hospital and they give him a nausea-producing drug (emetic) after he gargles with alcohol. As a result of this treatment, John will probably Question 5 options: a) get a sore throat due to the alcohol b) develop an addiction to the emetic c) vomit caused by the emetic and then continue to drink alcohol d) vomit due to the emetic and then “pair” the emetic with alcohol
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The correct option is:
d) vomit due to the emetic and then "pair" the emetic with alcohol.
In this scenario, John will experience vomiting due to the emetic, and this experience may lead to a classical conditioning process where the emetic becomes associated with the taste or smell of alcohol, potentially leading John to avoid alcohol in the future to avoid experiencing the nausea-inducing effects of the emetic.
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A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction elicited by a stimulus without any learning. Question 6 options: a) unconditioned response b) neutral response c) conditioned response d) classical response
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The correct option is:
a) unconditioned response
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An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____. Question 7 options: a) a punishment b) a reinforcement c) an operational directive d) a discriminative stimulus
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The correct option is:
b) a reinforcement
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When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US (food, in this case), the CR will “die out” in a process called ______________. Question 8 options: a) generalization fading b) habituation c) CR fading d) extinction
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The correct option is:
d) extinction
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The phase during which a neutral stimulus is paired consistently with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response is called ______. Question 9 options: a) latent conditioning b) acquisition c) latent learning d) extinction
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The correct option is:
b) acquisition
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Extinction _____. Question 10 options: a) is a gradual suppression of a learned behavior b) occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS c) is a weakening of the association between the CS and the UCS d) all of these options
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The correct option is:
d) all of these options
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The addition of a(n) _____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a(n) _____ stimulus results in negative reinforcement. Question 11 options: a) higher order; lower order b) desirable; painful or annoying c) operant; classical d) primary; secondary
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The correct option is:
b) desirable; painful or annoying
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_____ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas _____ decreases that likelihood. Question 12 options: a) Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement b) Higher order conditioning; operant conditioning c) Reinforcement; punishment d) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
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The correct option is:
c) Reinforcement; punishment
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When you add a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response recurring, you are engaged in _____. If you subtract a stimulus with the same result, you are engaged in _____. Question 13 options: a) positive reinforcement; negative punishment b) negative reinforcement; negative punishment c) positive punishment; negative reinforcement d) positive punishment; negative punishment
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The correct option is:
d) positive punishment; negative punishment
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The BEST method parents can use to get their children to do their chores is to _____. Question 14 options: a) reward them after they do the chores b) do the chores for them at first, so they can observe a model c) punish them if they refuse d) reward them before they do the chores
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The correct option is:
a) reward them after they do the chores
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Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____. Question 15 options: a) positive conditioning b) primary reinforcement c) positive reinforcement d) operant reinforcement
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The correct option is:
c) positive reinforcement
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Dan and Jenny spank Nolan when he pulls the dog's tail. They are using _____ to teach Jimmy not to pull the dog's tail. Question 16 options: a) negative reinforcement b) positive reinforcement c) negative punishment d) positive punishment
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The correct option is:
d) positive punishment
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This action would lead to a behaviour being repeated in the future. Question 17 options: reinforcement instinctive drifting shaping extinction
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The correct option is:
reinforcement
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Identify the term that describes the following: money. Question 18 options: primary reinforcer primary punisher secondary punisher secondary reinforcer
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The term that describes money is:
secondary reinforcer
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This Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning by accident. Question 19 options: Freud Watson Pavlov Weiskrantz
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The Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning by accident is:
Pavlov
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Identify the term that describes the following: thirst. Question 20 options: primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer primary punisher secondary punisher
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The term that describes "thirst" is:
primary reinforcer