bio flash cards 10

What are the basic needs of a developing embryo?

Nourishment, Proper temperature, Oxygen, Protection, Means of getting rid of wastes.

Where does external development take place in some animals?

In water.

What is an example of an animal that has external development in water?

Frog.

Where else can external development take place?

On land.

Give two examples of animals that have external development on land.

Birds (in nests), Turtles (in buried eggs).

What is the purpose of the shell of an egg?

Protects the egg and lets air in and out.

What does the yolk sac provide for the developing embryo?

Food supply.

What is the function of the allantois?

Stores wastes.

What is the function of the amnion?

Cushions the embryo.

What is the purpose of the protein cord in the egg?

Holds the chick in the middle of the egg.

What are the two types of internal development discussed?

Non-placental, Placental.

What is another term for pregnancy?

Gestation.

How is human gestation measured?

As 40 weeks from the start of the last menstrual cycle.

How long is human gestation?

9 months.

How long is mouse gestation?

1 month.

How long is elephant gestation?

22 months.

What is the amnion?

A fluid-filled sac that encloses and protects the embryo.

What does the yolk sac produce?

The embryo’s first blood and germ cells.

What does the allantois form?

Part of the umbilical cord.

What does the chorion become part of?

The placenta.

What are some substances that pass from mother to fetus via the placenta?

Nutrients, Waste, Gas (oxygen & carbon dioxide), Protective antibodies, German measles virus, HIV, Drugs (prescription and nonprescription), Alcohol, Chemicals in tobacco smoke.

Where does the fertilized egg implant?

In the thickened, spongy uterine wall.

What forms as cells differentiate and growth occurs?

The gastrula.

What becomes part of the placenta and umbilical cord?

The developing embryonic membranes.

What is the embryo called after eight weeks of development?

The fetus.

What is the length of human gestation in days?

Approximately 266 days.

What are some things an expectant mother should avoid?

Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs.

What are some potential consequences of using tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy?

Low birth rates, Premature births, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Other birth defects.

What kind of birth defects is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Physical, mental, and neurobehavioral.

Is FAS preventable?

Yes.

What are some major damaging effects of FAS?

Distinct pattern of facial abnormalities, Growth deficiency, Evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.

What are some facial abnormalities associated with FAS?

Small eye openings, Skin webbing between eyes and base of nose, Drooping eyelids, Nearsightedness, Failure of eyes to move in the same direction, Short upturned nose, Sunken nasal bridge, Flat or absent groove between nose and upper lip, Thin upper lip, Opening in roof of mouth, Small jaw, Low-set or poorly formed ears.

How many trimesters is pregnancy divided into?

Three.

When does the fetus start to look like a miniature human being?

By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks).

When can the sex of the fetus be determined by ultrasound?

By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks).

What happens during the second and third trimesters?

An increase in size and general refinement of the human features.

What is the process of childbirth called?

Labor.

What are the three stages of labor?

Dilation of the cervix, Expulsion, Delivery of the placenta.

What happens during the first stage of labor?

Dilation of the cervix.

What happens during the second stage of labor?

Expulsion of the infant.

What is the primary reproductive organ in plants?

The flower.

What two cells combine to form a seed?

Pollen (male), Egg cell (female).

What plant structure develops from the seed?

A baby plant.

What is the male part of the flower called?

Stamen.

What does the stamen produce?

Pollen (sperm cells).

Name the two main parts of the stamen.

Anther, Filament.

What is the female part of the flower called?

Pistil.

Where is the ovary located in the pistil?

At the bottom.

Name the three main parts of the pistil.

Stigma, Style, Ovary.

What does the ovary contain?

Ovule.

What process involves the transfer of pollen?

Pollination.

Give an example of a pollination agent mentioned in the document.

Wind.

What are the 'food' rewards that plants offer to pollinators?

Nectar, Pollen.

What is reproduction?

The creation of new individuals from existing ones.

What is asexual reproduction?

One parent produces genetically identical offspring.

What is sexual reproduction?

Process in which two sex cells aka gametes come together to form one fertilized cell that is then containing genetic info from both cells.