bio flash cards 10

Okay, here's the revised set of questions, with bullet points in the answers, based on the "02 Sexual_Reproduction_2021 development.pdf" document:

Embryonic Development (General)

* Q: What are the basic needs of a developing embryo?

* A:

* Nourishment

* Proper temperature

* Oxygen

* Protection

* Means of getting rid of wastes.

External Development

* Q: Where does external development take place in some animals?

* A: In water.

* Q: What is an example of an animal that has external development in water?

* A: Frog (based on image).

* Q: Where else can external development take place?

* A: On land.

* Q: Give two examples of animals that have external development on land.

* A:

* Birds (in nests)

* Turtles (in buried eggs).

Egg Structure

* Q: What is the purpose of the shell of an egg?

* A: Protects the egg and lets air in and out.

* Q: What does the yolk sac provide for the developing embryo?

* A: Food supply.

* Q: What is the function of the allantois?

* A: Stores wastes.

* Q: What is the function of the amnion?

* A: Cushions the embryo.

* Q: What is the purpose of the protein cord in the egg?

* A: Holds the chick in the middle of the egg.

Internal Development

* Q: What are the two types of internal development discussed?

* A:

* Non-placental

* Placental.

* Q: What is another term for pregnancy?

* A: Gestation.

* Q: How is human gestation measured?

* A: As 40 weeks from the start of the last menstrual cycle.

* Q: How long is human gestation?

* A: 9 months.

* Q: How long is mouse gestation?

* A: 1 month.

* Q: How long is elephant gestation?

* A: 22 months.

Structures Assisting Embryo Development

* Q: What is the amnion?

* A: A fluid-filled sac that encloses and protects the embryo.

* Q: What does the yolk sac produce?

* A: The embryo’s first blood and germ cells.

* Q: What does the allantois form?

* A: Part of the umbilical cord.

* Q: What does the chorion become part of?

* A: The placenta.

Placenta

* Q: What are some substances that pass from mother to fetus via the placenta?

* A:

* Nutrients

* Waste

* Gas (oxygen & carbon dioxide)

* Protective antibodies

* German measles virus

* HIV

* Drugs (prescription and nonprescription)

* Alcohol

* Chemicals in tobacco smoke.

Prenatal Development

* Q: Where does the fertilized egg implant?

* A: In the thickened, spongy uterine wall.

* Q: What forms as cells differentiate and growth occurs?

* A: The gastrula.

* Q: What becomes part of the placenta and umbilical cord?

* A: The developing embryonic membranes.

* Q: What is the embryo called after eight weeks of development?

* A: The fetus.

* Q: What is the length of human gestation in days?

* A: Approximately 266 days.

Factors Affecting Development

* Q: What are some things an expectant mother should avoid?

* A:

* Alcohol

* Tobacco

* Drugs.

* Q: What are some potential consequences of using tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy?

* A:

* Low birth rates

* Premature births

* Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

* Other birth defects.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

* Q: What kind of birth defects is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

* A: Physical, mental, and neurobehavioral.

* Q: Is FAS preventable?

* A: Yes.

* Q: What are some major damaging effects of FAS?

* A:

* Distinct pattern of facial abnormalities

* Growth deficiency

* Evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.

* Q: What are some facial abnormalities associated with FAS?

* A:

* Small eye openings

* Skin webbing between eyes and base of nose

* Drooping eyelids

* Nearsightedness

* Failure of eyes to move in the same direction

* Short upturned nose

* Sunken nasal bridge

* Flat or absent groove between nose and upper lip

* Thin upper lip

* Opening in roof of mouth

* Small jaw

* Low-set or poorly formed ears.

Trimesters of Pregnancy

* Q: How many trimesters is pregnancy divided into?

* A: Three.

* Q: When does the fetus start to look like a miniature human being?

* A: By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks).

* Q: When can the sex of the fetus be determined by ultrasound?

* A: By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks).

* Q: What happens during the second and third trimesters?

* A: An increase in size and general refinement of the human features.

Childbirth

* Q: What is the process of childbirth called?

* A: Labor.

* Q: What are the three stages of labor?

* A:

* Dilation of the cervix

* Expulsion

* Delivery of the placenta.

* Q: What happens during the first stage of labor?

* A: Dilation of the cervix.

* Q: What happens during the second stage of labor?

* A: Expulsion of the infant.

Okay, I've revised the 40 review questions to use bullet points for listing multiple items in the answers.

Plant Reproduction (from "04 sexual reproduction in Plants.pdf")

* Q: What is the primary reproductive organ in plants?

* A: The flower.

* Q: What two cells combine to form a seed?

* A:

* Pollen (male)

* Egg cell (female).

* Q: What plant structure develops from the seed?

* A: A baby plant.

* Q: What is the male part of the flower called?

* A: Stamen.

* Q: What does the stamen produce?

* A: Pollen (sperm cells).

* Q: Name the two main parts of the stamen.

* A:

* Anther

* Filament.

* Q: What is the female part of the flower called?

* A: Pistil.

* Q: Where is the ovary located in the pistil?

* A: At the bottom.

* Q: Name the three main parts of the pistil.

* A:

* Stigma

* Style

* Ovary.

* Q: What does the ovary contain?

* A: Ovule.

* Q: What process involves the transfer of pollen?

* A: Pollination.

* Q: Give an example of a pollination agent mentioned in the document.

* A: Wind.

* Q: What are the "food" rewards that plants offer to pollinators?

* A:

* Nectar

* Pollen.

Human Sexual Reproduction (from "01 Sexual_Reproduction_2021 male and female.pdf")

* Q: What is reproduction?

* A: The creation of new individuals from existing ones.

* Q: What is asexual reproduction?

* A: One parent produces genetically identical offspring.

* Q: What is sexual reproduction?

* A: Process in which two cells, termed gametes, come together to form one fertilized cell that contains genetic information from both parental cells.

* Q: What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?

* A: Increases genetic variation.

* Q: What is the name for sex cells?

* A: Gametes.

* Q: What process produces gametes?

* A: Meiosis.

* Q: Where is the nucleus located in a sperm cell?

* A: In the head.

* Q: What part of the sperm cell contains mitochondria?

* A: Midpiece.

* Q: What is the tail of the sperm used for?

* A: To propel the cell forward.

* Q: What is the term for female gametes in animals?

* A: Ova or eggs.

* Q: Are female gametes motile or stationary?

* A: Stationary.

* Q: Where does spermatogenesis occur?

* A: Testes.

* Q: Where does oogenesis occur?

* A: Ovaries.

* Q: What is a hermaphrodite?

* A: A single individual with both male and female reproductive systems.

* Q: What are the two main types of fertilization?

* A:

* External

* Internal.

* Q: What determines a baby's gender?

* A: DNA.

* Q: What are the female sex chromosomes?

* A: XX.

* Q: What are the male sex chromosomes?

* A: XY.

* Q: What are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm?

* A: Testicles.

* Q: What is the passageway of gametes in males?

* A: Vas Deferens.

* Q: What is the female organ that produces eggs?

* A: Ovary.

* Q: Where does the placenta attach?

* A: Uterus.

* Q: What is the opening between the uterus and vagina?

* A: Cervix.

* Q: What hormone increases the lining of the uterus?

* A: Estrogen.

* Q: What does LH cause?

* A: The follicle to rupture releasing the egg (ovulation).

* Q: What hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?

* A: Progesterone.

* Q: What is required for sexual reproduction?

* A: A female and male parent.

IOkay, here are question-and-answer questions covering the content of the "Sexual Reproduction 2021 male and female.pdf" document:

Reproduction Basics

* Q: What is reproduction?

* A: The creation of new individuals from existing ones.

* Q: What are the two main types of reproduction discussed?

* A: Asexual and sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction

* Q: What is asexual reproduction?

* A: A process in which one parent produces genetically identical offspring.

* Q: What is binary fission?

* A: The simplest type of asexual reproduction, where a single parent cell splits through mitosis into two genetically identical offspring cells.

* Q: What are two other types of asexual reproduction mentioned?

* A: Regeneration and budding.

* Q: What is regeneration in the context of asexual reproduction?

* A: The regrowth of a whole animal from pieces.

* Q: What is budding?

* A: The splitting off of new individuals from existing ones.

* Q: What are two advantages of asexual reproduction?

* A: It allows a species to perpetuate itself if members are sessile or isolated, and it allows organisms to multiply quickly.

* Q: What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

* A: It produces genetically uniform populations.

Sexual Reproduction

* Q: What is the basic process of sexual reproduction?

* A: Two cells, called gametes, come together to form one fertilized cell that contains genetic information from both parental cells.

* A: The production of offspring whose genetic constitution is a mixture of that of two potentially genetically different gametes.

* Q: What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

* A: Increases genetic variation and enhances reproductive success in changing environments.

* Q: What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

* A: Locating a mate.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

* Q: What are the two types of cell division compared?

* A: Mitosis and meiosis.

* (Note: The document presents a visual comparison of mitosis and meiosis, but doesn't provide explicit definitions in question-answer format. You could create questions based on the diagram, such as: "How many rounds of division occur in meiosis?" Answer: "Two")

Meiosis Details

* Q: What happens during meiosis?

* A: The nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei, and then the daughters subdivide into four gametes.

* A: Chromosomes replicate, homologous chromosomes pair up, homologues swap sections of DNA, homologous pairs divide, and chromosomes divide again.

* Q: What is the result of meiosis?

* A: Gametes with single chromosomes and a new mix of genetic material.

Key Terms

* Q: What is meiosis?

* A: Division of cells which results in the production of gametes.

* Q: What are gametes?

* A: Sex cells, germ cells, or spores; cells of sexual reproduction, which contain only half the chromosomes of a normal cell.

* Q: What are chromosomes?

* A: Threadlike bodies found in the nucleus of a cell that carry the information of heredity.

* Q: What is the purpose of meiosis?

* A: To produce gametes.

* A: To form the sex cells that will fuse together to form a new diploid individual.

Sperm Cells

* Q: What are the three main parts of a sperm cell?

* A: Head, midpiece, and tail.

* Q: What does the head of a sperm cell contain?

* A: The nucleus.

* Q: What does the midpiece of a sperm cell contain?

* A: Energy-releasing mitochondria.

* Q: What is the function of the tail of a sperm cell?

* A: To propel the cell forward.

* Q: How many sperm are in a typical ejaculation?

* A: 100 million.

* Q: What are two characteristics of male gametes?

* A: Very large numbers and they are motile.

Female Gametes

* Q: What are female gametes called in animals and plants?

* A: Ova or eggs in animals, ovules in plants.

* Q: How do the numbers of female gametes compare to male gametes?

* A: Fairly small numbers.

* Q: About how many ova does a human female release in a lifetime?

* A: About 500.

* Q: What are three characteristics of female gametes?

* A: Larger, stationary, and often contain food reserves.

Gametogenesis Comparison

* Q: Where does spermatogenesis occur?

* A: Testes.

* Q: How many viable spermatozoa are produced in spermatogenesis?

* A: 4.

* Q: Are sperm motile or nonmotile?

* A: Motile.

* Q: When does sperm production begin and end?

* A: Begins at puberty and continues for entire life.

* Q: Where does oogenesis occur?

* A: Ovaries.

* Q: How many ova are produced in oogenesis?

* A: 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies.

* Q: Are ova motile or nonmotile?

* A: Nonmotile.

* Q: When are all eggs present in females?

* A: At birth.

* Q: When do eggs mature?

* A: From puberty to menopause.

Hermaphroditism

* Q: What is hermaphroditism?

* A: A single individual has both male and female reproductive systems.

* Q: In what types of organisms is hermaphroditism common?

* A: Plants and invertebrates that are slow-moving or permanently attached.

Fertilization

* Q: What is fertilization?

* (The document introduces the topic but doesn't provide a concise definition on this page.)

Life Cycle

* Q: What is shown in the basic lifecycle diagram?

* (The document refers to a diagram but doesn't provide details in Q&A format.)

Types of Fertilization

* Q: What are the two main types of fertilization?

* A: External and internal.

Human Reproduction

* Q: What happens to embryonic tissues?

* A: The same embryonic tissues become male or female reproductive organs.

* Q: What determines a baby’s gender?

* A: DNA.

* Q: What are the sex chromosomes for female and male?

* A: XX = Female, XY = Male.

* Q: What gene is located on the Y chromosome and "tells" the baby's body to become male?

* A: SRY gene.

Anatomy Similarities

* Q: What is the function of the testicles and ovaries?

* A: Glands responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes.

* Q: Where do the testicles start out?

* A: Inside the body.

* Q: What is the function of the vas deferens and oviduct?

* A: Passageway of gametes.

* Q: What is the function of the penis and clitoris?

* A: Contain thousands of nerve endings to aid in sexual stimulation.

* Q: What is the origin of the tissues that develop into either gender?

* A: Fetus begins with “starter parts” that could develop into either gender.

Physiology Differences

* Q: How does male physiology compare to female physiology in reproduction?

* A: Male is uncomplicated, female is very complicated.

* Q: How many sperm do males produce daily?

* A: 2-4 million.

* Q: How many eggs are females born with?

* A: ~400,000.

* Q: About how many eggs does a female use in her lifetime?

* A: ~500.

* Q: What is ovulation?

* A: 1 egg “ripens” and is released once a month.

* Q: What does female physiology require a careful coordination of?

* A: Hormones and body.

* Q: What does the female body support?

* A: Life.

Male Reproductive System

* Q: What are the functions of the testes?

* A: Produces male sex hormone and produces 2-4 million sperm every day.

* Q: Why are the testes outside the body?

* A: Sperm like temps 1-2° cooler than body temp.

* Q: What is the function of the vas deferens?

* A: Tube that carries sperm to the seminal vesicle and prostate.

* Q: What is the function of the epididymis?

* A: Temporary storage of sperm.

* Q: What happens during copulation in relation to the epididymis?

* A: Muscle contract to release sperm.

* Q: What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

* A: Produces seminal fluid.

* A: Provides a medium for the sperms to swim, and to activate and nourish the sperms.

* Q: What is semen?

* A: Sperm + seminal fluid.

* Q: What is a fact about prostate cancer?

* A: Slow growing, surgical removal.

* Q: What is the function of the urethra?

* A: Tube taking both urine and semen outside the body.

* Q: What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

* A: Adds lubricant to aid travel of semen through the urethra.

* Q: What happens to the penis during copulation?

* A: Erected for insertion into vagina.

* A: Dilation of arterioles causes the erectile tissue of penis become turgid.

* Q: What is the result of semen being squeezed from the penis?

* A: (The document ends mid-sentence here.)

Sperm Composition

* Q: What percentage of semen is sperm?

* A: 5%.

* Q: What percentage of semen is sperm food (fructose)?

* A: 30%.

* Q: What percentage of semen is alkaline fluid (pH buffer)?

* A: 65%.

* Q: Why does semen contain so many sperm?

* (The document poses this as a question but doesn't provide an answer.)

* Q: Why does semen contain a pH buffer?

* (The document poses this as a question but doesn't provide an answer.)

Sperm Structure

* Q: What does the head of sperm contain?

* A: Chemicals to dissolve egg goo and Dad’s genetic information (one each of 44 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome).

* Q: What do mitochondria in sperm contain?

* A: Mitochondrial DNA from mother.

* Q: What is the flagellum?

* A: “tail” used for locomotion.

Female Reproductive Cycle

* Q: What is the human female reproductive cycle?

* A: A recurring series of events that produces gametes, makes them available for fertilization, and prepares the body for pregnancy.

Female Reproductive System

* (The document lists parts of the system; questions could be formed like:)

* Q: Name a part of the female reproductive system.

* A: Fallopian tube, ovary, uterus, etc.

Female System Functions

* Q: What are the functions of the ovaries?

* A: For production of female gametes (ova/eggs) and for production of female sex hormones.

* Q: What is the function of the oviduct?

* A: Carries the ovum forward by the beating action of the cilia on its inner surface and the contraction of muscles of oviduct.

* Q: What are the functions of the uterus?

* A: Allows for placenta to attachment, during embryo development it protects the embryo and provides a constant environment for the embryo to develop, and during birth of baby it pushes the baby out by muscular contraction.

* Q: What is the cervix?

* A: Opening between the uterus and vagina; birth canal.

Menstrual Cycle

* Q: What is important about timing in the menstrual cycle?

* A: Uterus must be ready when egg gets there in case it was fertilized.

* Q: What happens if there is no fertilization?

* A: Tear down lining of uterus and rebuild for next month.

* Q: What controls the menstrual cycle?

* A: Internal feedback mechanisms between the reproductive system and the endocrine system.

* Q: What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

* A: 28 days.

Body Fat

* (The document provides ranges of body fat percentages; questions could be formed like:)

* Q: What is a typical body fat percentage range for fitness enthusiasts?

* A: 14-20%.

Hormonal Regulation

* (The document describes a series of hormonal events; questions can be chronological):

* Q: What does FSH cause?

* A: The follicle to grow.

* Q: What does the growing follicle release?

* A: Estrogen.

* Q: What does estrogen do to the uterus?

* A: Increases the lining of the uterus.

* Q: What does increased estrogen cause?

* A: Increased production of LH.

* Q: What does increased LH cause?

* A: The follicle ruptures