ANSC 301 EXAM 2 GENTRY

What are the sources of microbial crude protein?

dietary protein and recycled nitrogen from the rumen

How do you calculate dietary crude protein?

CP= Nitrogen x 6.25

What are the functions of proteins?

Building blocks of enzymes and hormones, immune system, transport in the body, and tissue/structural

What is in the general structure of an amino acid?

alpha-amino end, generic amino acid, carboxyl end

What are the 10 essential amino acids?
(PVT TIM HALL)

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

What are non-essential amino acids?

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

What is the primary structure of a protein?

linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide linkages

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

shape of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl and amino groups

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

folding and coiling of protein into globular 3D structure

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

alignment of several tertiary structures to form a single protein

What is a simple protein?

proteins yielding only amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis

What is a fibrous protein?

protein that constitute about 30% of total protein in the animal body

What is a conjugated protein?

proteins in which simple proteins are combined with a nonprotein radical

What protein is considered to have the highest BV of natural sources?

egg protein

What are some deficiencies of proteins?

growth restriction, decreased feed efficiency, infertility, anorexia, fatty liver, decrease milk production, reduced synthesis of certain hormones and enzymes

Microbial crude protein has a high value of biological value. What is the BV?

66-87

What is metabolism?

sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissue

What is anabolism?

building up

What is catabolism?

breaking down molecules

Where does transcription take place?

nucleus

What is transcription?

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Where does translation occur?

cytoplasm

What is translation?

the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

Catabolism is the breakdown of amino acids and occurs primarily in the liver.

When does the rate of catabolism increase?

when dietary proteins exceed supply requirements, composition of absorbed AA is unbalanced, gluconeogensis from AA is increased

Digestion of protein

hydrolysis to peptides and AA; absorption of peptides and free amino acids

Transport of amino acids to the liver

Amino acids are taken to the liver via the hepatic portal vein; Liver has first choice in removing amino acids for protein synthesis and oxidation

Metabolism of amino acids in the liver

If the liver has the appropriate enzymes, excess amino acids will be converted to glucose; Amino acids first are used to satisfy protein synthesis

release of essential amino acids

Used by other tissues for protein synthesis; Excess BCAAs transaminated in the muscle; their carbon skeletons are oxidized in the liver

What makes up a triglyceride?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What is a cis bond?

Hydrogen is on the same side of the double bond

What is a trans bond?

Hydrogen on the opposite side of the double bond

What does it mean to be saturated?

having no double bonds

What does it mean to be unsaturated?

contains at least one double bond

Fat has how much more energy than carbs?

2.25

What are plant sources of lipids?

oilseeds, soybeans, cottonseed, canola, grain, corn, milo, wheat

What are animal sources of lipids?

tallow

Fats

usually of animal origin, saturated, solid at room temperature

Oils

Usually of plant origin, unsaturated, and liquid at room temperature

Types of simple lipids are?

true fats and waxes

Types of compound lipids are?

phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Types of derived lipids are?

sterols and fatty acids

What is super important in the membrane?

phospholipids

What are chylomicrions?

formed inside small intestine mucosal cells; majority of fat carried transported out of small intestine

What are VLDL?

contain high levels of TAG, transports lipids from liver to extra hepatic tissues, tissue cells secrete LPL which breaks down TAG to free fatty acids and glycerol

What are HDL?

produced in the liver and small intestines, will bind excess cholesterol and carry back to the liver for excretion

What are the EFA?

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid

Prostaglandin helps in what?

reproduction

What is the precursor for steroid hormone production?

cholesterol

What are eicosanoids synthesized from?

arachidonic acid

What are the three classes of eicosanoids?

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Common name: lauric

Geneva name: dodecanoic

Common name: myristic

geneva name: tetradecaonic

Common name: palmitic

geneva name: hexadecaonic

Common name: stearic

geneva name: octadecanoic

What species does not store bile in the gallbladder?

Horses- their liver continously secret bile acids

What are a form of lipoproteins circulating in the blood?

chylomicrons

Carbon sources of fatty acids synthesis will vary based on diet and mode of digestion.

Mono-gastrics utilize what as major source?

glucose

Ruminants use what as a major source?

acetate

Fatty acids are built how many carbons at a time?

2

Increasing rate of fatty acid synthesis increases what?

energy provided by the diet (excess fat, glucose, AA)

Lipogenesis substrates

acetate, propionate, lactate, and glucose

Ruminants have evolved to effectively utilize what?

acetate

What is important in ruminants?

propionate

Most of the carbon from glucose enters fatty acid synthesis via glycolysis and the production of pyruvate.

Major sites of fatty acids synthesis are?

liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands

Catabolism of TAGs occur in all tissues that have fat storage.

What is lipolysis stimulated by?

stimulated by an energy deficit/stress

Increased NEFA concentrations means?

increased lipolysis

Majority of lipid digestion starts in the what of monogastrics?

stomach

Describe the emulsification of fats.

the breakdown of fat into smaller droplets which increase surface area so that pancreatic lipase can digest it into the glycerol backbone and fatty acids