IHC Unit 3 Summative

what are the levels of body organization?

cells, tissue, organs, systems

what are cells (3 main points)?

fundamental unit of all living things, all cells perform a specific function, all tissues are made of cells

what are the types of tissue?

nervous, muscular, connective, epithelial

what are tissues?

group of like cells working together

what are the types of muscular tissue and their functions?

skeletal - attached to bone, smooth - found in internal organs, cardiac - found in heart

what is muscular tissue?

produces movement through contraction

what is epithelial tissue?

found throughout body, form the covering/lining of body structures

what is connective tissue?

supporting and protective tissue

what are the types of connective tissue and their functions?

bone - provides structural support, cartilage - shock absorber, tendons - connect muscle to bone, adipose - protective padding

what is nervous tissue?

forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

what are organs?

several different types of tissues that work together as a unit

what are systems?

several organs working together to perform complete functions

what is anatomical position?

from patient perspective, standing erect, arms at sides, palms facing forward, eyes looking straight ahead, legs parallel with feet, toes facing forward

what are body planes and how many are there?

imaginary planes that divide the body, they are used to visualize, 3

what are the body planes?

sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse

what is the sagittal plane and the subdivision of the sagittal plane?

sagittal divides body into left and right portions, mid-sagittal divides it into equal left and right portions

what is the frontal/coronal plane?

divides the body into front and back portions

what is the transverse plane?

horizontal plane, divides body into upper and lower portions

what are some characteristics of x-rays?

creates 2D images, used primarily to see bones and to detect cancer and pneumonias, most common and widely available, uses radiation to produce images

what is a CT scan and its characteristics?

Computed Tomography Scan, created a 3D image, used primarily to diagnose conditions in organs and soft tissues, more powerful than an xray, takes a 360 degree image, uses radiation, may require contrast dye

what is an MRI and its characteristics?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, creates a 3D image, used to scan the spine, brain breasts, abdomen, muscles, neck, uses a power magnet and radio waves, no radiation, no metal in body or piercings, creates cross sections images, may require contrast dye

what are directional terms of the body used for?

to locate a portion of the body or describe the position of the body, all of them are based on viewing the body in anatomical position

what is inferior/caudal?

below another structure, towards the feet

what is superior/cephalic?

above another structure, toward the head

what is anterior/ventral?

front side of body

what is posterior/dorsal?

back side of body

what is medial/middle?

part closer to imaginary mid-line

what is lateral/side?

part farther away from mid-line

what do proximal and distal refer to?

refers to positions on arms and legs and the point of attachment

what is the point of attachment?

where arms and legs attach to trunk of body (shoulders and hips)

what is proximal?

part closer to point of attachment

what is distal?

part farther from the point of attachment

what is superficial?

nearer to body surface

what is deep?

farther away from body surface

what is supine?

lying on one’s spine facing upward

what is prone?

lying on one’s stomach facing downward

what is the apex?

typically the tip of an organ

what is the base?

typically the bottom of an organ

in the heart where is the apex and base?

apex is at the bottom, base is at the top

what are body cavities? what are the main body cavities and how many main cavities are there?

contain the organs of the body, large internal spaces, human body has two main cavities, dorsal and ventral

what is the dorsal cavity and what does it contain?

towards the back of the body, contains cranial and spinal cavities which both form one continuous space

what is the cranial cavity?

part of dorsal cavity, within the skull and contains the brain

what is the spinal cavity?

part of dorsal cavity, extends downward from cranial cavity, is surrounded by the spine and contains spinal cord

what is the ventral cavity and what does it contain?

toward front of body, divided into two by the diaphragm, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

what is the thoracic cavity?

located above diaphragm, cavity is surrounded by the rib cage

what is the abdominal cavity?

superior to pelvic cavity, contains organs of digestive and excretory systems

what is the pelvic cavity?

lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity, contains organs of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, has a 2 layer membrane that lines the ventral cavities called pleura (in thoracic cavity) and peritoneum (in abdominopelvic cavity)

what is the abdominopelvic cavity?

located below diaphragm, consists of two separate cavities (abdominal and pelvic cavities), is subdivided into quadrants and regions which are useful in describing the location of organs, injury, pain

what are the quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

four of them, named for their location - RUQ is right upper quadrant, LUQ is left upper quadrant, RLQ is right lower quadrant, LLQ is left lower quadrant

what are the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity in order from top left to bottom right (left to right)?

right hypochondrium, epigastric region, left hypochondrium, right lumbar, umbilical region, left lumbar, right iliac region, hypogastrium, left iliac region