Unit 1

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Albany (Ft. Orange)

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36 Terms

1

Albany (Ft. Orange)

First permanent Dutch settlement in the New World (New Netherlands)

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2

Aztecs/Incas

Native American advanced civilizations dominating Northern (Aztec) and Central (Inca) Latin America at the time of conquest.

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3

Bartolome de Las Casas

16th century Spanish historian and social reformer, known for his protest of the treatment of Native Americans during conquest.

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4

Beaver Wars

Territorial dispute over fur-rich areas between the Iroquois and the French-backed Great Lakes tribes (Algonquin).

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5

Bering Strait Land Bridge

Route first hunter-gatherer nomad civilizations used to cross the Bering Strait (Russia to Alaska) following migrating herds.

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6

Black Legend

The villification of the Spanish Empire due to its imperialist goals and methods of conquest (in part due to the works of Las Casas).

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7

Caravel

A small, fast ship designed by the Portuguese with the purpose of increased maneuverability.

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8

Casta System

Social, political, and economic hierarchy in Spanish Latin America with peninsulares at the top and negros / Native Americans at the bottom.

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9

Causes of European Exploration

Three G's, Pursuit of the West Indies

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10

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer / navigator to whom the "discovery" of the New World in 1492 is credited after failing to reach his intended destination of Japan.

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11

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic shipment / exchange of people, goods, and diseases. Horses, cows, sugar, silver, smallpox, corn, potatoes, etc.

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12

Conquistadors

15th century Spanish "Conquerors" (Cortez)

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13

Cortes/Pissarro (occupation / people)

Conquistadores - Aztecs / Incas

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14

Couriers de Bois

Independent trapper and trader that roamed the woods seeking trade with Native Americans.

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15

Dutch East India Company

Multinational company that dominated the international Spice trade.

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16

Fur Trade

Primary economic pillar of colonial Native American culture. Adopted, prioritized, and exploited by the French and Dutch as a major import / export.

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17

Hacienda/Encomienda system

Spanish system of "commending", or giving, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

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18

Iroquois

Native American nation in the Great Lakes / upstate New York region. Aligned with Dutch in Beaver Wars against the Huron and the French.

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19

Jesuits

Religious French missionaries in the Great Lakes region who attempted to convert the Huron Indians. Less aggressive conversion style than the Spanish Franciscans.

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20

King Ferdinand and Isabella

Catholic Spanish monarchs, responsible for authorizing the expedition of Columbus.

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21

Mercantilism

Belief that trade generates wealth for the mother country.

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22

Mestizo

Mixed race individual (Spaniard / Native American)

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23

Mission System (Spanish)

System of mission work that incorporated both aggressive religious and social-cultural conversion.

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24

Mulatto

Mixed race individual (black / white)

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25

New Amsterdam

Settlement at present day New York City, NY (New Netherlands)

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26

New France

Area colonized by France in North America, including parts of present day Canada extending south to the Ohio River Valley.

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27

Northwest Passage

Sought after sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through northwestern North America.

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28

peninsular

Latin American colonists born in Spain.

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29

Portugal/Prince Henry

Empire known for seafaring and navigating. Prince Henry opened navigation schools which paved the way for the Age of Exploration.

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30

Pueblo

Southwest North American native civilizations (i.e. Hopi, Zuni, etc.) known for living in villages

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31

Pueblo Revolt

Native American (Pueblo) uprising against the Spanish in (present-day) New Mexico

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32

Silk/Spice Trade

Vast network of trade (Silk Road) throughout the Middle East and Asia used to transport silk and spice to Europe.

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33

Spanish Missionaries

Franciscan Catholics with an aggressive conversion style (contrary to French Jesuits)

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34

St. Augustine

Oldest continuously occupied settlement in North America (Florida). Established by Spain.

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35

Three G's

God, gold, glory. Motivations for exploration.

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36

West Indies

Center of Sugar production. Used as a port location for Caribbean trade, slave markets, etc.

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