Unit 2 Ap Pysc memory

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92 Terms

1

Encoding

The process of taking in information.

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2

Storage

The process of maintaining information over time.

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3

Retrieval

The process of bringing information back into awareness.

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4

Explicit Memory

Knowledge of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled.

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5

Implicit Memory

Skills and conditioned responses that are recalled automatically.

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6

Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts.

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7

Episodic Memory

Personal experiences and specific events.

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8

Flashbulb Memory

Highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

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9

Long-Term Potentiation

The strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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10

Hippocampus

Brain structure that processes explicit memories.

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11

Cerebellum

Brain structure involved in procedural memories.

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12

Amygdala

Brain structure that enhances memory for emotionally charged events.

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13

Basal Ganglia

Brain structure involved in motor skills and procedural memories.

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14

Central Executive

Directs attention and processing in working memory.

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15

Phonological Loop

Holds verbal and auditory information.

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16

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Stores visual and spatial data.

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17

Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

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18

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory.

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19

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory.

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20

Short-Term Memory

Limited capacity memory that holds information briefly.

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21

Working Memory

Actively processes information in short-term memory.

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22

Long-Term Memory

Stores information over an extended period.

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23

Deep Processing

Meaningful analysis leading to better memory retention.

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24

Shallow Processing

Focus on surface features, leading to less durable memory.

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25

Mnemonic Devices

Techniques to aid memory recall.

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26

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar units.

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27

Hierarchies

Organizing information into categories.

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28

Spacing Effect

Distributing study sessions over time improves retention.

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29

Primacy Effect

Tendency to recall the first items in a list.

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30

Recency Effect

Tendency to recall the last items in a list.

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31

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories.

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32

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

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33

Context-Dependent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same context as when encoded.

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34

Mood-Congruent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same mood as when encoded.

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35

Proactive Interference

Old information hinders the recall of new information.

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36

Retroactive Interference

New information hinders the recall of old information.

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37

Misinformation Effect

Memory distortion due to misleading information introduced after an event.

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38

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

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39

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

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40

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

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41

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.

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42

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Measure of intelligence comparing mental age with chronological age.

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43

Standardization

Consistent procedures for administering tests.

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44

Reliability

Consistency of test results.

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45

Validity

The test’s ability to measure what it’s supposed to measure.

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46

Factor Analysis

Statistical method to identify clusters of related abilities.

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47

Flynn Effect

Gradual increase in average IQ scores over generations.

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48

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities are innate and unchangeable.

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49

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed through effort and learning.

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50

Bottom-Up Processing

Perception driven by sensory input.

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51

Top-Down Processing

Perception influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.

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52

Schema

Mental frameworks that influence perception.

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53

Gestalt Principles

Principles that describe how we perceive whole objects.

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54

Closure

Filling in gaps to see a whole object.

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55

Inattentional Blindness

Missing unexpected items when attention is focused elsewhere.

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56

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in a visual scene.

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57

Binocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on two eyes.

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58

Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on one eye.

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59

Stroboscopic Movement

Illusion of motion from rapidly changing images.

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60

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging likelihood by comparing to existing prototypes.

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61

Availability Heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on readily available memories.

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62

Mental Set

Tendency to approach problems in a familiar way.

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63

Priming

Exposure to a stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli.

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64

Framing

How an issue is presented can influence decisions.

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65

Gambler’s Fallacy

Mistaken beliefs about probability.

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66

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Tendency to continue an endeavor due to past investments.

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67

Divergent Thinking

Creative thinking that generates multiple ideas.

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68

Convergent Thinking

Focuses on generating a single correct solution.

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69

Independent Variables

Variables manipulated in an experiment.

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70

Dependent Variables

Variables measured in an experiment.

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71

Confounding Variables

Factors that may affect the results of an experiment.

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72

Random Assignment

Ensuring equal chance of participants being in any group.

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73

Operational Definitions

Clear definitions of variables for replication in studies.

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74

Control Group

Group that receives no treatment in an experiment.

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75

Experimental Group

Group that receives treatment in an experiment.

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76

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee ensuring ethical standards in research.

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77

Informed Consent

Participants are informed about the study and agree to participate.

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78

Protection from Harm

Ensuring participant safety and minimizing risks.

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79

Debriefing

Explaining the purpose and details of the study to participants afterward.

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80

Memory Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.

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81

Memory Consolidation

The process by which encoded information is strengthened and transformed into long-term memory.

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82

Interference Theory

The theory that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt each other.

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83

Rehearsal

The cognitive process of repeatedly practicing or going over information to enhance memory retention.

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84

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is more effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.

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85

Anxiety and Memory

Anxiety can impact memory performance, often leading to difficulties in retrieval.

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86

Semantic Encoding

The encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or significance.

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87

Retroactive Facilitation

When new information improves the recall of previously learned information.

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88

Source Amnesia

The inability to remember where or how one acquired certain information.

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89

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

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90

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

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91

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

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92

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.

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