Unit 2 Ap Pysc memory

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/90

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

91 Terms

1
New cards

Encoding

The process of taking in information.

2
New cards

Storage

The process of maintaining information over time.

3
New cards

Retrieval

The process of bringing information back into awareness.

4
New cards

Explicit Memory

Knowledge of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled.

5
New cards

Implicit Memory

Skills and conditioned responses that are recalled automatically.

6
New cards

Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts.

7
New cards

Episodic Memory

Personal experiences and specific events.

8
New cards

Flashbulb Memory

Highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

9
New cards

Long-Term Potentiation

The strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

10
New cards

Hippocampus

Brain structure that processes explicit memories.

11
New cards

Cerebellum

Brain structure involved in procedural memories.

12
New cards

Amygdala

Brain structure that enhances memory for emotionally charged events.

13
New cards

Basal Ganglia

Brain structure involved in motor skills and procedural memories.

14
New cards

Central Executive

Directs attention and processing in working memory.

15
New cards

Phonological Loop

Holds verbal and auditory information.

16
New cards

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Stores visual and spatial data.

17
New cards

Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

18
New cards

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory.

19
New cards

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory.

20
New cards

Short-Term Memory

Limited capacity memory that holds information briefly.

21
New cards

Working Memory

Actively processes information in short-term memory.

22
New cards

Long-Term Memory

Stores information over an extended period.

23
New cards

Deep Processing

Meaningful analysis leading to better memory retention.

24
New cards

Shallow Processing

Focus on surface features, leading to less durable memory.

25
New cards

Mnemonic Devices

Techniques to aid memory recall.

26
New cards

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar units.

27
New cards

Hierarchies

Organizing information into categories.

28
New cards

Spacing Effect

Distributing study sessions over time improves retention.

29
New cards

Primacy Effect

Tendency to recall the first items in a list.

30
New cards

Recency Effect

Tendency to recall the last items in a list.

31
New cards

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories.

32
New cards

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

33
New cards

Context-Dependent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same context as when encoded.

34
New cards

Mood-Congruent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same mood as when encoded.

35
New cards

Proactive Interference

Old information hinders the recall of new information.

36
New cards

Retroactive Interference

New information hinders the recall of old information.

37
New cards

Misinformation Effect

Memory distortion due to misleading information introduced after an event.

38
New cards

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

39
New cards

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

40
New cards

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

41
New cards

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.

42
New cards

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Measure of intelligence comparing mental age with chronological age.

43
New cards

Standardization

Consistent procedures for administering tests.

44
New cards

Reliability

Consistency of test results.

45
New cards

Validity

The test’s ability to measure what it’s supposed to measure.

46
New cards

Factor Analysis

Statistical method to identify clusters of related abilities.

47
New cards

Flynn Effect

Gradual increase in average IQ scores over generations.

48
New cards

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities are innate and unchangeable.

49
New cards

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed through effort and learning.

50
New cards

Bottom-Up Processing

Perception driven by sensory input.

51
New cards

Top-Down Processing

Perception influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.

52
New cards

Schema

Mental frameworks that influence perception.

53
New cards

Gestalt Principles

Principles that describe how we perceive whole objects.

54
New cards

Closure

Filling in gaps to see a whole object.

55
New cards

Inattentional Blindness

Missing unexpected items when attention is focused elsewhere.

56
New cards

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in a visual scene.

57
New cards

Binocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on two eyes.

58
New cards

Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on one eye.

59
New cards

Stroboscopic Movement

Illusion of motion from rapidly changing images.

60
New cards

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging likelihood by comparing to existing prototypes.

61
New cards

Availability Heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on readily available memories.

62
New cards

Mental Set

Tendency to approach problems in a familiar way.

63
New cards

Priming

Exposure to a stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli.

64
New cards

Framing

How an issue is presented can influence decisions.

65
New cards

Gambler’s Fallacy

Mistaken beliefs about probability.

66
New cards

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Tendency to continue an endeavor due to past investments.

67
New cards

Divergent Thinking

Creative thinking that generates multiple ideas.

68
New cards

Convergent Thinking

Focuses on generating a single correct solution.

69
New cards

Independent Variables

Variables manipulated in an experiment.

70
New cards

Dependent Variables

Variables measured in an experiment.

71
New cards

Random Assignment

Ensuring equal chance of participants being in any group.

72
New cards

Operational Definitions

Clear definitions of variables for replication in studies.

73
New cards

Control Group

Group that receives no treatment in an experiment.

74
New cards

Experimental Group

Group that receives treatment in an experiment.

75
New cards

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee ensuring ethical standards in research.

76
New cards

Informed Consent

Participants are informed about the study and agree to participate.

77
New cards

Protection from Harm

Ensuring participant safety and minimizing risks.

78
New cards

Debriefing

Explaining the purpose and details of the study to participants afterward.

79
New cards

Memory Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.

80
New cards

Memory Consolidation

The process by which encoded information is strengthened and transformed into long-term memory.

81
New cards

Interference Theory

The theory that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt each other.

82
New cards

Rehearsal

The cognitive process of repeatedly practicing or going over information to enhance memory retention.

83
New cards

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is more effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.

84
New cards

Anxiety and Memory

Anxiety can impact memory performance, often leading to difficulties in retrieval.

85
New cards

Semantic Encoding

The encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or significance.

86
New cards

Retroactive Facilitation

When new information improves the recall of previously learned information.

87
New cards

Source Amnesia

The inability to remember where or how one acquired certain information.

88
New cards

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

89
New cards

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

90
New cards

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

91
New cards

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.