Unit 2 Ap Pysc memory

Encoding

Encoding

The process of taking in information.

Storage

The process of maintaining information over time.

Retrieval

The process of bringing information back into awareness.

Explicit Memory

Knowledge of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled.

Implicit Memory

Skills and conditioned responses that are recalled automatically.

Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts.

Episodic Memory

Personal experiences and specific events.

Flashbulb Memory

Highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

Long-Term Potentiation

The strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Hippocampus

Brain structure that processes explicit memories.

Cerebellum

Brain structure involved in procedural memories.

Amygdala

Brain structure that enhances memory for emotionally charged events.

Basal Ganglia

Brain structure involved in motor skills and procedural memories.

Central Executive

Directs attention and processing in working memory.

Phonological Loop

Holds verbal and auditory information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Stores visual and spatial data.

Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory.

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory.

Short-Term Memory

Limited capacity memory that holds information briefly.

Working Memory

Actively processes information in short-term memory.

Long-Term Memory

Stores information over an extended period.

Deep Processing

Meaningful analysis leading to better memory retention.

Shallow Processing

Focus on surface features, leading to less durable memory.

Mnemonic Devices

Techniques to aid memory recall.

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar units.

Hierarchies

Organizing information into categories.

Spacing Effect

Distributing study sessions over time improves retention.

Primacy Effect

Tendency to recall the first items in a list.

Recency Effect

Tendency to recall the last items in a list.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Context-Dependent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same context as when encoded.

Mood-Congruent Memory

Memory retrieval is more effective in the same mood as when encoded.

Proactive Interference

Old information hinders the recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

New information hinders the recall of old information.

Misinformation Effect

Memory distortion due to misleading information introduced after an event.

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Measure of intelligence comparing mental age with chronological age.

Standardization

Consistent procedures for administering tests.

Reliability

Consistency of test results.

Validity

The test’s ability to measure what it’s supposed to measure.

Factor Analysis

Statistical method to identify clusters of related abilities.

Flynn Effect

Gradual increase in average IQ scores over generations.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities are innate and unchangeable.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed through effort and learning.

Bottom-Up Processing

Perception driven by sensory input.

Top-Down Processing

Perception influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.

Schema

Mental frameworks that influence perception.

Gestalt Principles

Principles that describe how we perceive whole objects.

Closure

Filling in gaps to see a whole object.

Inattentional Blindness

Missing unexpected items when attention is focused elsewhere.

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in a visual scene.

Binocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on two eyes.

Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that rely on one eye.

Stroboscopic Movement

Illusion of motion from rapidly changing images.

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging likelihood by comparing to existing prototypes.

Availability Heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on readily available memories.

Mental Set

Tendency to approach problems in a familiar way.

Priming

Exposure to a stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli.

Framing

How an issue is presented can influence decisions.

Gambler’s Fallacy

Mistaken beliefs about probability.

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Tendency to continue an endeavor due to past investments.

Divergent Thinking

Creative thinking that generates multiple ideas.

Convergent Thinking

Focuses on generating a single correct solution.

Independent Variables

Variables manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent Variables

Variables measured in an experiment.

Random Assignment

Ensuring equal chance of participants being in any group.

Operational Definitions

Clear definitions of variables for replication in studies.

Control Group

Group that receives no treatment in an experiment.

Experimental Group

Group that receives treatment in an experiment.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee ensuring ethical standards in research.

Informed Consent

Participants are informed about the study and agree to participate.

Protection from Harm

Ensuring participant safety and minimizing risks.

Debriefing

Explaining the purpose and details of the study to participants afterward.

Memory Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.

Memory Consolidation

The process by which encoded information is strengthened and transformed into long-term memory.

Interference Theory

The theory that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt each other.

Rehearsal

The cognitive process of repeatedly practicing or going over information to enhance memory retention.

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is more effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.

Anxiety and Memory

Anxiety can impact memory performance, often leading to difficulties in retrieval.

Semantic Encoding

The encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or significance.

Retroactive Facilitation

When new information improves the recall of previously learned information.

Source Amnesia

The inability to remember where or how one acquired certain information.

Spearman

Proposed intelligence as a single, general factor (g).

CHC Theory

Expands intelligence into multiple broad and narrow abilities.

Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

Gardner

Proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences including linguistic and spatial abilities.