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What is the main difference between induction and deduction in reasoning?
Induction is reasoning from specific instances to general conclusions, while deduction is reasoning from general principles to specific instances.
Define the representative heuristic.
The representative heuristic involves making judgments based on how closely something matches a prototype.
What does constraint satisfaction refer to in problem solving?
Constraint satisfaction refers to the process of activating multiple concepts simultaneously and narrowing down alternatives to find the best fit.
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
The cocktail party phenomenon illustrates that while we focus attention on specific stimuli, other unattended stimuli are still processed unconsciously.
What is the function of consciousness according to the lecture notes?
Consciousness has limited capacities, is flexible and controllable, and uses resources to monitor, self-control, and plan.
What are the five basic emotions identified as universal by Ekman?
Anger, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, and Disgust.
What is the sleep cycle mentioned in the notes?
We go through 90-minute cycles of sleep throughout the night, with about 25% of that time spent in REM sleep.
According to Maslow, what are the levels of his hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs, Safety, Love, Esteem, and Self-actualization.
What is implicit learning?
Implicit learning refers to the ability to learn covariations unconsciously.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment or interest, while extrinsic motivation is influenced by external rewards.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making, including the representative, availability, and anchoring heur
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that simplify decision making, including the Representative, Availability, and Anchoring Heuristics.
Representative Heuristic
A heuristic that involves matching things based on prototypes.
Availability Heuristic
A decision-making process based on how easily something can be recalled from memory.
Anchoring Heuristic
A decision-making strategy that relies on the first piece of information encountered.
Implicit Learning
Learning covariations unconsciously without awareness.
Connectionism
A theory that explains the mind as organized in networks, functioning in parallel.
Constraint Satisfaction
A problem-solving approach where multiple concepts are activated simultaneously and narrowed to the best fit.
Connection Weight
The strength of the connection between two units in the mind, which ranges from -1 to +1.
Whorf Hypothesis
The idea that thought shapes language or language shapes
Consciousness
Subjective awareness and the ability to focus attention on a particular aspect of experience, with limited capacity, utilizing resources efficiently
Sleep Requirements for Adults
Adults need 6.5–8.5 hours of sleep per night.
Sleep Cycles
Sleep occurs in 90-minute cycles with about 25% being REM sleep.
REM Sleep
Most dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
Freudian Dream Theory
Dreams have manifest content (actual dream) and latent content (hidden meaning), often related to sex and aggression.
Cognitive Perspective on Dreams
Dreams use metaphors to represent day-to-day concerns.
Altered States of Consciousness
Drugs can alter consciousness; hypnosis is debated as either role-playing or an altered state
Motivation
What makes us do what we do, involving direction (what the person wants to do) and strength & persistence (how strongly the person wants to do it).
Incentive Theory
Motivation that pulls us toward what we want.
Drive Theory
Motivation that pushes us to reduce discomfort.
Drive Reduction
Doing things to reduce bad feelings (e.g., eating because hungry).
Achievement (Psychosocial Theory - McClelland)
Competing with oneself and enjoying moderate risk.
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)
A pyramid structure of needs from physiological to self-actualization.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within and is naturally enjoyable.
Emotion
An evaluative response characterized by physiological arousal and subjective experience