General psychology

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35 Terms

1
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What is the main difference between induction and deduction in reasoning?

Induction is reasoning from specific instances to general conclusions, while deduction is reasoning from general principles to specific instances.

2
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Define the representative heuristic.

The representative heuristic involves making judgments based on how closely something matches a prototype.

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What does constraint satisfaction refer to in problem solving?

Constraint satisfaction refers to the process of activating multiple concepts simultaneously and narrowing down alternatives to find the best fit.

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What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

The cocktail party phenomenon illustrates that while we focus attention on specific stimuli, other unattended stimuli are still processed unconsciously.

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What is the function of consciousness according to the lecture notes?

Consciousness has limited capacities, is flexible and controllable, and uses resources to monitor, self-control, and plan.

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What are the five basic emotions identified as universal by Ekman?

Anger, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, and Disgust.

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What is the sleep cycle mentioned in the notes?

We go through 90-minute cycles of sleep throughout the night, with about 25% of that time spent in REM sleep.

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According to Maslow, what are the levels of his hierarchy of needs?

Physiological needs, Safety, Love, Esteem, and Self-actualization.

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What is implicit learning?

Implicit learning refers to the ability to learn covariations unconsciously.

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What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment or interest, while extrinsic motivation is influenced by external rewards.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making, including the representative, availability, and anchoring heur

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision making, including the Representative, Availability, and Anchoring Heuristics.

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Representative Heuristic

A heuristic that involves matching things based on prototypes.

14
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Availability Heuristic

A decision-making process based on how easily something can be recalled from memory.

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Anchoring Heuristic

A decision-making strategy that relies on the first piece of information encountered.

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Implicit Learning

Learning covariations unconsciously without awareness.

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Connectionism

A theory that explains the mind as organized in networks, functioning in parallel.

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Constraint Satisfaction

A problem-solving approach where multiple concepts are activated simultaneously and narrowed to the best fit.

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Connection Weight

The strength of the connection between two units in the mind, which ranges from -1 to +1.

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Whorf Hypothesis

The idea that thought shapes language or language shapes

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Consciousness

Subjective awareness and the ability to focus attention on a particular aspect of experience, with limited capacity, utilizing resources efficiently

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Sleep Requirements for Adults

Adults need 6.5–8.5 hours of sleep per night.

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Sleep Cycles

Sleep occurs in 90-minute cycles with about 25% being REM sleep.

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REM Sleep

Most dreaming takes place in REM sleep.

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Freudian Dream Theory

Dreams have manifest content (actual dream) and latent content (hidden meaning), often related to sex and aggression.

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Cognitive Perspective on Dreams

Dreams use metaphors to represent day-to-day concerns.

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Altered States of Consciousness

Drugs can alter consciousness; hypnosis is debated as either role-playing or an altered state

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Motivation

What makes us do what we do, involving direction (what the person wants to do) and strength & persistence (how strongly the person wants to do it).

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Incentive Theory

Motivation that pulls us toward what we want.

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Drive Theory

Motivation that pushes us to reduce discomfort.

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Drive Reduction

Doing things to reduce bad feelings (e.g., eating because hungry).

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Achievement (Psychosocial Theory - McClelland)

Competing with oneself and enjoying moderate risk.

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Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

A pyramid structure of needs from physiological to self-actualization.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within and is naturally enjoyable.

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Emotion

An evaluative response characterized by physiological arousal and subjective experience