Unit ): Land Use and Unit 1:

Carbon Cycle: Sinks

• CO₂ in atm/water (hydrogen carbonate)

• Calcium carbonate rocks

• Fossil fuel deposits - coal, oil, natural gas (long sink)

• Dead organic material

• In plants (short sink)

Carbon Cycle: Into the Biotic World

• Photosynthesis

• Chemosynthesis

Carbon Cycle: Sources

• Cellular Respiration

• Burning

• Decay (CO₂ with oxygen, CH₄ without)

• Sea Surface gas exchange

  • Net ocean uptake

Nitrogen Cycle

• Fixation (bacteria/lightning) = Ammonia (NH₃) in soil

• Nitrification (, used for energy/by bacteria) = Nitrate (NO₃^-) and Nitrite (NO₂-)

• Assimilation: Taken into body DNA/protein = Protein

• Ammonification: Decomposition = Ammonia (NH₃) to soil

• Denitrification: Bacteria decompose dead things (N₂) gas

Resource Partioning

The use of only a partial domain of a resource due to niche partioning:

• Fundamental Niche: How much space an organism could theoretically occupy

• Realized Niche: How much it does occupy, due to factors like competition

Tragedy of the Commons

Common resource depleted by unsustainable use after individuals take advantage; leads to all community’s loss. Some feel private ownership only solution.

Food Web (relationships)

• Competitors

• Predator/prey

10% Rule

Due to the energy lost from not eaten parts, thermal energy of respiration, entropy, digestion, the efficiency of enery transfer from one trohic level to the next is only about 10%.

NPP, GPP, and R

GPP = NPP + R; kcal/m²/yr

Climatographs

• Temperate Seasonal: 75-250 cm, rich humusy soil, Hardwood trees, NAmer, Eur, Aus; warm summers and cold winters

• Tropical Rainforest: 200-400 cm, poor soil, tall trees and vines, SAmer, West Afr, SE As; 25 C

• Temperate Grasslands: 10-60 cm, rich soil, grasses, NA praries, Rus steppes; cold harsh winters and hot dry summers

• Taiga: 20-60 cm S, acidic soil,N NAmer and N Eurasia; -20-10C

• Tundra: -25cm, permafrost, herbaceous plants, Canada, Greeland

• Shrubland: 50-75 cm W, shallow infertile soil, Mediterranean and W NAmer, hot dry summers and mild rainy winters

• Deserts: -25cm, sand, cacti, N Afr and Cali

• Temperate Rainforest: +140 cm, soil richer vs. TR, confirous and broadleaf, N/S Amer, Eur, 10-20 C

• Savanna: 10-30 cm rainy season, porous/less humus soil, grasses and some trees, India, Aus; 25 C

Symbiotic Relationships?

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

What type of environment leads to high diversity? Low diversity? Why?

Usually, warm/wet places have higher diversity/productivity vs. cold/dry - more cycling nutrients and at quicker rate.