Islam - Intro to AP World History

Arabian Peninsula

Also known as Arabia is one of the hottest and driest places on earth and it is where Islam originated

Bedouin

Nomadic herders that were one of Arabia’s early inhabitants and they had different tribes based on clans which would get into conflicts that led to the tribal wars

Oasis

An isolated reliable source of water in a desert

Arabia’s Location

Connected three continents together so it was a crossroads for trade and politics

Mecca

A major city and oasis that is located in Saudi Arabia

Allah

Most arabic people believed that this person was the supreme god

Abraham

Hebrew leader who stopped in Mecca and built the Ka’aba

Ka’aba

A shrine in Mecca that is an important site for Arabic people to journey to in a pilgrimage

Muhammad

Person who was born into Mecca’s ruling tribe around 570 and heard voices of an angel in a cave when he was 40 and he created his own monotheistic religion and was the final prophet

Gabriel

The angel that Muhammad heard voices from

Medina

City that was originally named Yathrib where Muhammad and his followers fled to from Mecca

Hijrah

The journey of Muhammad and his followers fleeing Mecca and arriving in Medina and it marked the start of the Muslim calendar

Umma

Islamic community that was created by Muhammad

Conquer of Mecca

Muhammad and his followers would conquer Mecca in 630 with little to no resistance and they would remove all idols from the Ka’aba and dedicate it to the God of Abraham

Qu’ran

Holy book of Islam that lays out the beliefs and practices all Muslims should practice

Sunnah

Holy book of Islam that includes the words and actions attributed to Muhammad and it was written by his followers

Sharia law

The basis of Islamic law that consists of the Qu’ran and the Sunnah

Halal

Arabic word for permissible

Haram

Arabic word for impermissible

Monotheistic

Islam is this type of religion because they only believe in one god

Prophet

A person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God

Islamic Beliefs

* Monotheistic
* Holy books
* All prophets are sent by God
* Muhammad is the final prophet
* Day of Judgement
* Life after death
* Five Pillars of Islam are the basis of religious practices

Five Pillars of Islam

The basis for many Muslim religious practices and has five sections called Sawm, Zakat, Shahada, Salaah, and Hajj

Dome on the Rock

An important religious site for Muslims which is known for the place that Muhammad ascended to from Heaven and it is located in Jerusalem

Mosque

Place of worship for Muslims

Abu Bakr

* First caliph to Muhammad


* 632 - 634
* He expanded Islam into Byzantine and Persian Empires
* Dealt with Arabic tribes who succeeded from the umma

Caliph

A successor and the supreme Islamic civil and religious leader

Muhammad’s Death

This took place in 632 and after there were four caliphs and a disagreement in the leader of Islamic faith

Umar

* 634 - 644
* Defined Dar al-Islam as the area of Islam’s influence
* Defined Dar al Harb as the areas that threatened Islam
* Expanded the use of jihad

Uthman

* 644 - 656
* Ordered the writing of a definitive Qu’ran
* Mostly peaceful until accused of nepotism

Ali

* 656 - 661
* Challenged by Mu’awiya who is the leader of Umayyads
* Divided the caliphate after a civil war

Umayyad

A Muslim dynasty that formed after Muhammad’s death and had a hereditary position for caliphs

Damascus

The capital of the Muslim Empire was moved to this place in Syria by the Umayyads

Sunni

* Majority of Muslims in the world


* The name “Ahl al-Sunnah derives” from People of the Tradition
* Focused on the example set by Muhammad
* No set family or individual as the imam or leader of the Islamic faith

Shi’ite/Shia

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* Minority of Muslims in the world


* Began as a movement that claims that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad
* The name derives from “Shiat Ali” or “Party of Ali”
* Shia Muslims focus more on the lineage of Muhammad and believe on his descendants such as Ali
* Imams could only interpret the Qu’ran

Islamic Spread

They were religiously tolerable and spread through North Africa, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt because of the caliphs

Muhammad Caliphate

Caliphate that ruled in 622 - 632

Rashidun Caliphate

Caliphate that ruled in 632 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate

Caliphate that ruled in 661 - 750

Bureaucracy

A system of government with specialized departments

al-Andalus

Place in Spain where the Umayyads reached

Battle of Tours

Battle that stopped the spread of Islam into Western Europe

Umayyad Achievements

* Primarily Sunni Muslims
* Hereditary system of succession
* Moved capital of Islamic Empire to Damascus
* Established a bureaucracy
* Reached Spain and formed al-Andalus
* Formed provinces
* Established a postal system
* Developed a strong military
* Great Mosque of Damascus
* Dome on the Rock in Jerusalem
* Administrative reforms
* Largest unified Islamic empire

Abbasids

* Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
* Shia Muslims
* Moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad
* Ruled during a prosperous age in Muslim history
* Collapsed in 1258 by Mongol invasion

Baghdad

Capital was moved here from Damascus by the Abbasids

Abbasid Collapse

This group ended by Mongol invasion in 1258

Fatimids

* A Shia caliphate in North Africa during the 10-12th centuries
* Power was centered in their capital city of Cairo in Egypt
* Traced their lineage back to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima and her husband
* Opposed the Abbasids and attempted to take much of their territory and power

Cairo

Fatimids capital city in Egypt

Cordoba

City that was the center of Islamic culture in Spain which became known as al-Andalus and it fell to Christian kingdoms in 1492

Alhambra

One of the most prominent Islam palaces in the world that is constructed in Granada and it translates to “the red one”

Abbasid Achievements

* Golden Age
* Improvements in education, with a focus on mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and geography
* Construction of the House of Wisdom
* Development of al’jabr which is a topic in mathematics
* Development of Sharia Law
* Improvements in navigation and sailing helping to spread Islam around Africa
* One Thousand and One Nights was written as a collection of stories from the Abbasid eras

House of Wisdom

Large public learning center in Baghdad and it was destroyed by Mongols in 1258

Jihad

Holy war

Islam

Monotheistic religion for Muslims that was created by Muhammad

Muslims

People located around the Middle East area that follow the Islamic religion

Hadith

Holy book of Islam that contains sayings of Muhammad and his daily practice

Umayyads

A Sunni caliphate that was large and had major achievements

Sawm

Pillar that talks about fasting during Ramadan

Shahada

Pillar that talks about the declaration of the belief in one true god

Zakat

Pillar that talks about giving to the poor

Salat

Pillar that states that Muslims pray five times a day towards Mecca

Hajj

Pillar that talks about the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once a year

Calligraphy

A fancy type of writing that was developed somewhere around the Arabian Peninsula

Al’jabr

Topic in mathematics that translates to “algebra”

Imams

Religious teachers

al-Andalus

Muslim ruled area on the Iberian peninsula that consists of Spain, Portugal, and some of France

One Thousand and One Nights

A collection of Abbasid eras