Unit 1.4 Test

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20 Terms

1

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases spread and the patterns associated with them.

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2

Cholera

A disease outbreak in the UK that was solved by early epidemiologist John Snow.

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3

Contaminated Pump

The source of cholera spread identified by John Snow.

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4

Prospective Study

A research method that studies subjects into the future.

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5

Retrospective Study

A research method that studies subjects starting from the past.

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6

Epidemic

A disease affecting an abnormally large number of people within a specific region.

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7

Pandemic

A disease that is large in scale and uncontained, affecting multiple countries or regions.

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8

Inoculation

The process of immunizing someone against a disease by introducing infective material or a vaccine.

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9

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from chromosomal DNA.

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10

Sticky Ends

A type of DNA end that can easily bond with complementary DNA strands.

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11

Blunt Ends

A type of DNA end that does not have overhanging nucleotides.

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12

Recombinant DNA

DNA formed artificially by combining DNA from different sources.

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13

Restriction Enzyme

Enzymes that cut DNA into specific pieces.

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14

Case-Control Study

A research method that compares subjects with a condition to those without it, starting from the past. How diseases spread from infected to non infected

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15

Cohort Study

A research method that follows a group of subjects over time to study outcomes.

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16

Live Attenuated Vaccine

A vaccine using a weakened version of the virus, providing stronger and long-term immunity (e.g., Rubella, Varicella).

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17

Inactivated Vaccine

A vaccine using killed cells or viruses to elicit an immune response (e.g., Polio, Influenza).

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18

Toxoid Vaccine

A vaccine using a weakened toxin from a pathogen to create antibodies (e.g., Tetanus).

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19

Subunit Vaccine

A vaccine using only the best part of the virus to stimulate an immune response (e.g., Hepatitis B, HIB).

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20

Conjugate Vaccine

A vaccine that links parts of the virus to carrier proteins to enhance the immune response (e.g., HPV).

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