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Epidemiology
The study of how diseases spread and the patterns associated with them.
Cholera
A disease outbreak in the UK that was solved by early epidemiologist John Snow.
Contaminated Pump
The source of cholera spread identified by John Snow.
Prospective Study
A research method that studies subjects into the future.
Retrospective Study
A research method that studies subjects starting from the past.
Epidemic
A disease affecting an abnormally large number of people within a specific region.
Pandemic
A disease that is large in scale and uncontained, affecting multiple countries or regions.
Inoculation
The process of immunizing someone against a disease by introducing infective material or a vaccine.
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from chromosomal DNA.
Sticky Ends
A type of DNA end that can easily bond with complementary DNA strands.
Blunt Ends
A type of DNA end that does not have overhanging nucleotides.
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed artificially by combining DNA from different sources.
Restriction Enzyme
Enzymes that cut DNA into specific pieces.
Case-Control Study
A research method that compares subjects with a condition to those without it, starting from the past. How diseases spread from infected to non infected
Cohort Study
A research method that follows a group of subjects over time to study outcomes.
Live Attenuated Vaccine
A vaccine using a weakened version of the virus, providing stronger and long-term immunity (e.g., Rubella, Varicella).
Inactivated Vaccine
A vaccine using killed cells or viruses to elicit an immune response (e.g., Polio, Influenza).
Toxoid Vaccine
A vaccine using a weakened toxin from a pathogen to create antibodies (e.g., Tetanus).
Subunit Vaccine
A vaccine using only the best part of the virus to stimulate an immune response (e.g., Hepatitis B, HIB).
Conjugate Vaccine
A vaccine that links parts of the virus to carrier proteins to enhance the immune response (e.g., HPV).
