Crop Production Lab Final

Corn Growing Stages

VE - Emergence

V1 - 1st leaf collar

V 5-7 -Growing point above soil, Tassel and ear shoots initiated, Seed rows set

V 12-16 -Kernels/ear (size of ear)

VT -Tassel, 2-3 days before silking, Pollen lives 24 hours, Pollen Shed 1-2 weeks

R1 - Silking

R2 - Blister (10-14 days)

R3 - Milk (18-22 days)

R4 - Dough (24-28 days)

R5 - Dent (35-42 days)

R6 - Black Layer (55-65 days), 30-35% moisture

GDD Calculations

GDD = [(High + Low)/2] - 50

Estimated Bu/A = (# of rows)( # of seed in row)(# of plants in 1/1000 A)(0.01116)

Dent

Starch shrinks

Flint

Hard starches

Flour

Soft Starches

Popcorn

Very hard, Resists steam

Sweet corn

Wrinkled, sugar

Waxy

Dull, starch quality

Pod

Primitive features, husk around every seed

Mycotoxins in Corn

Vomitoxin & Aflatoxin

Insects in Corn

Leaf aphid, Corn rootworm, Grasshopper, & European corn borer

Diseases in Corn

Northern Corn Leaf Blight, Giberella stalk root, Eyespot, & Gray leaf spot

Corn Hybrid Improvements

-Withstand higher populations

-more vertical leaf angle

-Reduced tassel size

-Close timing silking and pollen shed

-Increased stay green

-More starch

-Altered root architecture

-Water use efficiency

Growth Stages of Soybeans

-E - Emergence

-VC - Unrolled - unifoliate

-V1 - First expanded trifoliate

-V1-2 - N bacteria infect roots

-V3-6 - Node location first flower

-R1 - First open Flower

-R5-6 - Maximum Nitrogen Fixation

-R8 - Maturation 95% pods mature color

Determinante Types of Soybeans

Stop vegetative growth ones reproductive development starts

Indeterminate Types of Soybeans

Continue vegetative growth after reproductive growth begins

Nitrogen Fixation

The process that changes inert N2 into biologically useful NH3

Asian Rust

Fungus disease - Native to Asia, Wind blown spores, Brown rust pustules on leaves, R1-R6 critical stage

Bean Leaf Beetle

Native US insect , Over winter soil liter, shelterbelts, Feeds on leaves and pods, R3-R6 on critical stage, Adult has 4 black spots and emerge in early season

Soybean Aphids

Native Asia - SD~2001, Eggs deposited on buckthorn , Suck sap leaves, yellowing stunting, R1-R5 critical stage, Mostly females

What insect feeds on soybean Aphids

Spotted lady beetles

Hard Red Winter Wheat

High Gluten, 12-13% protein, Dark amber brown color, Used in all purpose flour

Hard Red Spring Wheat

High Gluten, 14-15% protein, Dark Amber Color, Use: Bread flour

Soft Red Winter Wheat

Low Gluten, 10-12% protein, Uses: Cakes, pastries, and crackers, Dull Pinkish Brown, Light Colored

Hard White Winter & Soft White Winter Wheat

Low Gluten, 10-13% protein, Use: Hard Rolls, Tortillas, Whole Kernel is White

Durum

Low Gluten

15-16% Protein

Use: Pasta

Hard Kernel - looks almost glassy

Translucent

Longer Kernels

Growth Stages of Wheat

Seedling -> # of leaves

Tillered -> tillers

Jointed -> nodes

Boot -> head boot

Headed -> 50% headed

Flag leaf - the last leaf that comes out

Hard Red Spring Wheat Quality Factors

High test weight (plump, smooth)

Kernels are filled out

High Protein

Uniform, dark color, mature

No soft, starchy "yellowberry"

Disease free

Free of mixed classes

Free of other crop seed

Free of inert material

Leaf Rust in Wheat

Attacks the leaves

Orange Pustules

Stem Rust in Wheat

Attacks any above the ground parts of the plant

Brick red pustules

Head Scab in Wheat

Shriveled kernels

Effects the flower

Tan Spot in Wheat

Cool, wet conditions

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus

Cant control with spray, transmitted by infected insects

Grain Aphid in Wheat

Greenbug

Protein

Crude & Digestible

Carbohydrates

Sugar, Starch, & Fiber

Fiber

Acid Detergent Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, & Relative Feed Value

Acid Detergent Fiber

Cellulose, Lignin, & Pectin

Neutral Detergent Fiber

ADF + Hemicellulose

Relative Feed Value

Low ADF = more digestability

Low NDF = more intake

Nitrogen Deficiency in Alfalfa

Light green to yellow color

Phosphorus Deficiency in Alfalfa

Blue-green color, stiff, stunted, & erect growth, Leaflets often fold together, Undersides may be red or purpleish

Potassium Deficiency in Alfalfa

White spots around edge of leaf starting with lower leaves, In advanced cases, leaves turn completely yellow and die

Bacterial wilt in Alfalfa

Stunted plants in 2-5yr old stands; discolored root

Spring Black Stem in Alfalfa

Small brown to black lesions, each less than 0.1 in diameter, that rarely go together

Phytophthora Root Rot in Alfalfa

Plants wilt, then leaves, especially newer ones

Lesions develop on the roots

In severe cases, taproots may not fall off at the depth of soil water saturation

1-6in below ground surface

Common leaf spot in alfalfa

Many small, dark brown spots develop on the lower leaves and stems

Leaves, especially lower ones, turn yellow and wither, and fall off.

Lesions on the stem enlarge and may blacken large areas near the base of the plant

Alfalfa Weevil

Larvae - Skeletonized leaves; grayish-brown colored stands

Alfalfa Aphids

Adult Aphid

Stunting and yellowing of alfalfa resulting in yield loss

Heavily infested plants wilt during the hottest part of the day

Potato Leafhopper

Adult leafhopper

Yellow wedge shaped area on the tip of leaflets

Corn Silage

Whole plant is chopped up

Earlage

More kernels, cob pieces, and husks that were on the ear

Alfalfa Haylage

Chopped up alfalfa plant, stems but no leaves(too finely ground)

Oatlage

Chopped up oat plants, stem & leaves look like straw

High Moisture Shelled Corn Silage

5th Type of Silage

Aerobic Fermentation

Sugars --> CO2, H2O, heat (respiration)

Oxygen is depleted

Anaerobic Fermentation

Bacteria convert sugars --> lactic acid(sweet smell)

pH - 4

Silage Harvest

Determines quality

Crop stage

Moisture

Silo Gas

Carbon Dioxide - odorless, colorless, and heavy

Nitrogen Dioxide - "bleach" odor, yellow/brown, lung damage

Feed out phase of Silage

Air exposure - mold

Even feeding face (bunker)

Silage Quality

Stage of maturity

Corn - hard dough; 1/2 - 2/3 milkline

Dry Matter

Upright - 60-65% moisture

Bunker - 65-70% moisture

Bag - 60-70% moisture

Grain Content- 50-60% energy in grain

Silage Cut - 1/4 - 3/8in "clean" cut

Color- Light brown/some green

Odor- Clean, sharp, sweet, acidic

Oilseed Crops Examples

Flax, Safflower, Canola, Sunflower

Pulse Crops Examples

Dry pea, Lentil, Chickpea

Pulse crops

All legumes - All have taproot

Seed of legume crops for food/feed

Legumes - compound leaf; taproot

High protein; high quality

Local protein supplement crop(pea)

Oilseed Crops

Cooking oil for food (feed-by-product)

Oil characteristics (fatty acid make up) quality

Special Crops

Adapted to drier (precipitation, humidity) areas

Soybeans, corn, less adapted

Fit with cereals in rotation

broadleaf/grass; taproot/fibrous root

Some "high risk"

Often grown under contact

Limited to specific local market

Meet food quality specs