Muscular System

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74 Terms

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prime movers (agonists)

responsible for producing a specific motion (biceps)

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antagonists

oppose a particular movement; provide resistance and produce more delicate motions (triceps)

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synergists

help prime moves by adding additional force or reducing undesirable movements that could occur as the prime mover contracts

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fixators

immobilize a bone, much like those needed to maintain our posture

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orbicularis

circular muscles in concentric rings

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convergent

spread out over a region but all converge towards a tendon or insertion

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fusiform

fascicles taper down to a tendon at two ends (bicep)

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pennate

short and run at oblique angles

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unipennate

muscles sit on one side of a tendon

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bipennate

muscle on both sides to resemble a feather

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multipennate

several feathers inserted into the same tendon

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maximus

large

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minimus

small

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longus

long

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brevis

short

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rectus

parallel

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transverse

perpendicular

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oblique

at some angle

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origin

proximal side of muscle; attaches to stationary bone

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insertion

distal side of muscle; attaches to the moving bone

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sternocleidomastoid

origins on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on the mastoid process

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myocytes

individual muscle cells; muscle fibers

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fascicle

muscle fibers in a bundle

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connective tissue

tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues.

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flexors

close a joint

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extensors

extend or open a joint

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adductors

pull appendages back towards the midline

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abductors

pull appendages away from midline

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sarcolemma

membrane surrounding fascicles with striated muscle fiber cells

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myofibril

basic rod-like unit of a muscle cells made of parallel filaments; multi-nucleated, striated strands and made of sarcomeres

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actin

thin protein filament in sarcomeres that look like strands of beads wrapped around one another; appears as light bands

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myosin

thick motor protein that uses ATP to drive movements along action filaments; appears as dark bands

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sarcomeres

made of actin and myosin

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z-line

outermost edge of sarcomere

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I band

lighter region inside z-line that is made of only thin actin filaments

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a band

darker region of thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments stretching between I bands

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H zone

centermost portion of a sarcomere made of only myosin and decreases in size as the sarcomere shortens

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muscular dystrophy

group of diseases causing progressive muscle weakness

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duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

most common form of md; genetic and interrupts the production needed for healthy muscles; most often affects young men and can be treated with medication and physical therapy

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fibromyalgia

chronic, widespread pain that can be described as tingling, burning, itching, etc; can be triggered by temperature or touch and often affects tender points like elbows and neck

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myasthenia gravis

characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any skeletal muscle caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles; most common in women under 40 and men over 60, symptoms like a stroke

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bell’s palsy

often the effect of a viral infection and is seen only about 200,000 times per year; sudden muscle weakness on one side of face and can last from a few weeks to up to six months

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strain

stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle belly or tendon; caused at the junction between the muscle belly and its tendon; usually caused by excessive force or tension within the muscle fibers

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sprain

stretch, tear, or rip in a ligament or joint capsule; usually occurs when a joint is pushed beyond its normal anatomical limits, resulting in a tearing or stretching of the ligaments, joint capsule, or both

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muscle strength

amount of force that a muscle can produce in a single contraction

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muscle endurance

amount of force a muscle can produce over an extended period of time

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muscle cramps

sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles; causes vary, but a popular one is long periods of exercise especially in hot weather

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treatment of muscle cramps

  • massage the cramped muscle
  • cool skin with a cold, moist cloth
  • stretch
    • drink more fluids
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epimysium

outermost level of muscle

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perimysium

covers fascicles

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endomysium

covers muscle fibers

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tropomyosin

blocks myosin binding sites on actin subunits

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troponin

in the presence of calcium ions, it binds to both tropomyosin and calcium at the same time to pull tropomyosin off those binding sites so that the myosin heads can pull the actin filaments

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titin

largest known protein; helps align the thick myosin filament and adds an elastic element to the sarcomere; anchored at the m-line at the center of the h zone

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afferent nerve

sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain

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efferent nerves

motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards the muscles to cause movement

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neuromuscular junction

point where the end of one axon terminal comes close, but does not touch, a muscle fiber

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synaptic cleft

space in between one axon terminal and the muscle

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acetylcholine

neurotransmitter; released by axon terminal into the synaptic cleft

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junctional folds

located in post-synaptic membrane; have acetylcholine receptors that respond

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acetylcholinesterase

starts to break down acetylcholine as a mechanism to close off those receptors, stops more sodium from coming through

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cardiac

connections are intercalated disks

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cardiac

myogenic and influences by autonomic nervous system

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cardiac

functional network called syncytium

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skeletal

voluntary and striated

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skeletal

controlled by somatic nervous system

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smooth

synonymous with visceral

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smooth

found in bladder and blood vessels

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smooth

cells are thin, elongated, no striations, one nucleus

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bicep

flexor, scapula origin, radius insertion

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tricep

extensor, humerus and scapula origin,

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scapula

triangular bone at the shoulder

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ball and socket

type of joint found in the shoulder

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hinge joint

type of joint found in the elbow