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prime movers (agonists)
responsible for producing a specific motion (biceps)
antagonists
oppose a particular movement; provide resistance and produce more delicate motions (triceps)
synergists
help prime moves by adding additional force or reducing undesirable movements that could occur as the prime mover contracts
fixators
immobilize a bone, much like those needed to maintain our posture
orbicularis
circular muscles in concentric rings
convergent
spread out over a region but all converge towards a tendon or insertion
fusiform
fascicles taper down to a tendon at two ends (bicep)
pennate
short and run at oblique angles
unipennate
muscles sit on one side of a tendon
bipennate
muscle on both sides to resemble a feather
multipennate
several feathers inserted into the same tendon
maximus
large
minimus
small
longus
long
brevis
short
rectus
parallel
transverse
perpendicular
oblique
at some angle
origin
proximal side of muscle; attaches to stationary bone
insertion
distal side of muscle; attaches to the moving bone
sternocleidomastoid
origins on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on the mastoid process
myocytes
individual muscle cells; muscle fibers
fascicle
muscle fibers in a bundle
connective tissue
tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues.
flexors
close a joint
extensors
extend or open a joint
adductors
pull appendages back towards the midline
abductors
pull appendages away from midline
sarcolemma
membrane surrounding fascicles with striated muscle fiber cells
myofibril
basic rod-like unit of a muscle cells made of parallel filaments; multi-nucleated, striated strands and made of sarcomeres
actin
thin protein filament in sarcomeres that look like strands of beads wrapped around one another; appears as light bands
myosin
thick motor protein that uses ATP to drive movements along action filaments; appears as dark bands
sarcomeres
made of actin and myosin
z-line
outermost edge of sarcomere
I band
lighter region inside z-line that is made of only thin actin filaments
a band
darker region of thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments stretching between I bands
H zone
centermost portion of a sarcomere made of only myosin and decreases in size as the sarcomere shortens
muscular dystrophy
group of diseases causing progressive muscle weakness
duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
most common form of md; genetic and interrupts the production needed for healthy muscles; most often affects young men and can be treated with medication and physical therapy
fibromyalgia
chronic, widespread pain that can be described as tingling, burning, itching, etc; can be triggered by temperature or touch and often affects tender points like elbows and neck
myasthenia gravis
characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any skeletal muscle caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles; most common in women under 40 and men over 60, symptoms like a stroke
bell’s palsy
often the effect of a viral infection and is seen only about 200,000 times per year; sudden muscle weakness on one side of face and can last from a few weeks to up to six months
strain
stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle belly or tendon; caused at the junction between the muscle belly and its tendon; usually caused by excessive force or tension within the muscle fibers
sprain
stretch, tear, or rip in a ligament or joint capsule; usually occurs when a joint is pushed beyond its normal anatomical limits, resulting in a tearing or stretching of the ligaments, joint capsule, or both
muscle strength
amount of force that a muscle can produce in a single contraction
muscle endurance
amount of force a muscle can produce over an extended period of time
muscle cramps
sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles; causes vary, but a popular one is long periods of exercise especially in hot weather
treatment of muscle cramps
epimysium
outermost level of muscle
perimysium
covers fascicles
endomysium
covers muscle fibers
tropomyosin
blocks myosin binding sites on actin subunits
troponin
in the presence of calcium ions, it binds to both tropomyosin and calcium at the same time to pull tropomyosin off those binding sites so that the myosin heads can pull the actin filaments
titin
largest known protein; helps align the thick myosin filament and adds an elastic element to the sarcomere; anchored at the m-line at the center of the h zone
afferent nerve
sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain
efferent nerves
motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards the muscles to cause movement
neuromuscular junction
point where the end of one axon terminal comes close, but does not touch, a muscle fiber
synaptic cleft
space in between one axon terminal and the muscle
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter; released by axon terminal into the synaptic cleft
junctional folds
located in post-synaptic membrane; have acetylcholine receptors that respond
acetylcholinesterase
starts to break down acetylcholine as a mechanism to close off those receptors, stops more sodium from coming through
cardiac
connections are intercalated disks
cardiac
myogenic and influences by autonomic nervous system
cardiac
functional network called syncytium
skeletal
voluntary and striated
skeletal
controlled by somatic nervous system
smooth
synonymous with visceral
smooth
found in bladder and blood vessels
smooth
cells are thin, elongated, no striations, one nucleus
bicep
flexor, scapula origin, radius insertion
tricep
extensor, humerus and scapula origin,
scapula
triangular bone at the shoulder
ball and socket
type of joint found in the shoulder
hinge joint
type of joint found in the elbow