P7 ID Terms

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898); proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901; a Filipino leader who fought first against Spain and then against the United States leader in the fight for Filipino independence.

insurrectionist

a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions); rebel

pander

gratify or indulge (an immoral or distasteful desire, need, or habit or a person with such a desire, etc.)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S. Navy captain and admiral who was a very effective advocate of imperialism; American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy; In the book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, claimed that countries with sea power were the great nations of history; advocated for protecting foreign markets with large battleships and cruisers; Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers

Josiah Strong

a leader of the Third Great Awakening and a founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration; American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas; Author of "Our Country: Its possible Future and Its present crisis", summoned Americans to spread their religion and values to the "backward" peoples; held immigrants responsible for everything from corruption to unemployment and urged restrictions on their entry into the U.S.

condemn

express complete disapproval of, typically in public; censure; sentence (someone) to a particular punishment, especially death

John J. Pershing

American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916; He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest-lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U. S. expedition into Mexico; a rival of President Carranza of Mexico. He alluded Pershing and was never caught because Pershing was forced to go fight in WWI

Alice Paul

American suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist; the main leader and strategist of the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment; founder of the National Women’s Party; organized protest marches in D.C. to advocate for Nineteenth Amendment

Sixteenth Amendment

Progressive/graduated income tax; proposed by the Omaha Platform in 1892 & passed in 1913; gave the federal government the power to collect income tax; The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration

Seventeenth Amendment

Gave people the right to vote for their senators instead of the state legislature; direct election; allowed voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors

Nineteenth Amendment

Enfranchised women; granted women the right to vote

Marcus Garvey

Harlem political leader, many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s; urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses; founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa; Universal Negro Improvement Association ran into financial trouble; He was eventually arrested for mail fraud and deported to his native Jamaica in 1927; African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927

Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance writer and poet who encouraged the authenticity of African-American voice; reminded readers of ancient African heritage; A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of African American life using southern black oral tradition- also wrote about the realities of black life in America

espouse

adopt or support (a cause, belief, or way of life)

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers; wrote the famous novel The Great Gatsby which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society; a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age; writer of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age"; wrote books scorning the wealthy and about flappers; glorified youth and romantic individualism

Albert Einstein

A German Jew; stated that matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy; stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference; This 20th Century scientist revolutionized the way scientists thought about space, time and matter, the most notable being his theory of relativity; A German-born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb

Henry Ford

Made assembly line production more efficient in Rouge River plant near Detroit--a finished car would come out every 10 seconds; helped to make cars inexpensive so more Americans could buy them; American businessman, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents; the pioneer in the manufacturing of affordable automobiles with his Model T, which was built using assembly line methods

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis; The Viennese physician that believed sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional diseases; argued that health demanded sexual gratification and liberation; writings seemed to justify the new sexual frankness of the 1920s

Committee on Public Information

Was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press; established to mobilize public opinion behind World War I

Richard Wright

a major African American writer who wrote the powerful novel Native Son (1940) about the desperate plight of residents of black urban ghettoes; 20th century writer best known for his novels dealing with the black experience in the United States; two of his best known works are Black Boy and Native Son; the first African American writer to win a broad response from the reading public

John Steinbeck

American novelist who focused on the harsh realities of Americans especially during the 30s i.e. Grapes of Wrath; won a Nobel Prize for his work in the 60s; United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural worker

Dorothea Lange

A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time; United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression

Mary Mcleod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality; founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University; also served as an adviser to FDR; educator, philanthropist, and civil rights activist; a member of FDR's “Black Cabinet” and was instrumental in the shift of African Americans to the Democratic Party; ran a division of the National Youth Administration

Civilian Conservation Corps

Combined Frederick Roosevelt’s concern for conservation with compassion for youth; took unmarried 18-25 year olds from relief rolls and sent them into the woods and fields to plant trees, build parks, and fight soil erosion; provided 2.5 million young men with jobs; Early New Deal agency that worked to solve the problems of unemployment and conservation by employing the youth in reforestation and other socially beneficial tasks

Social Security Act

Sought to help the aged poor, infirmed, and dependent children; acted as an economic stabilizer by furnishing pensions for retirees and insurance for those who lost their jobs; guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Works Progress Administration

Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins; provided jobs and income to the unemployed by building public buildings, roads and projects including hiring artists to write, paint and perform; was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects

Tennessee Valley Authority

A massive public works project created to help relieve unemployment but also make a continuing contribution to regional planning; A relief program that built dams, controlled flooding, and brought electricity, and agricultural and industrial development to rural areas in the Tennessee Valley, which was hit hard by the Depression; A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil

Keynesian economics

argues that the federal government should use monetary and fiscal policy to accumulate surpluses in prosperous times and engage in deficit spending during recessions in order to stimulate the economy; Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms

Neutrality Acts

passed to limit U.S. involvement in future wars; based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies; To prevent America from being sucked into war

Operation Overlord

Massive invasion of Europe striking across the English Channel; The code name for the Battle of Normandy; launched the successful invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II; commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than three million allied troops were in France by the end of August.

Executive Order 9066

Allowed the exclusion of any person from designated military areas; applied only on the West Coast against Japanese Americans; issued during WW2 by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps; issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety

Battle of Midway

The turning point of the Pacific Warm in which Japan attempted to attack but was repelled with heavy losses, proving the advantage offered by aircraft carriers over destroyers; broke Japanese naval supremacy in the Pacific; An enormous battle that raged for four days near an American outpost, at the end of which the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious. The American navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and lost only one of its own; the action regained control of the central Pacific for the US.

Battle of Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders. The island was needed for closer bases from which to blast and burn enemy cities and industries. The Americans finally captured the island after fighting from April to June of 1945.

Manhattan Project

a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada; the code name for the secret US project set up in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb; secretive government project, which occurred from 1942 - 1946, whose purpose was to develop a nuclear bomb. It succeeded on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity Test in New Mexico and went on to produce the two atomic bombs which leveled the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WWII

Ida B. Wells

Campaigned against lynching and meticulously documented the murders of African-Americans across the South; educated Americans about the use of lynching and other forms of mob violence as devices for terrorizing African-Americans in the absence of slavery; co-founded the National Association of Colored Women; African-American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She also fought for woman’s suffrage

Atlantic Charter

a joint declaration issued during World War II (1939-45) by the United States and Great Britain that set out a vision for the postwar world. First announced on August 14, 1941, a group of 26 Allied nations eventually pledged their support by January 1942; condemned “Nazi tyranny” and embraced freedom of speech and expression, of worship, from want, and from fear; unofficial statement of war aims that put humanitarian values ahead of narrow interests; Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Lend-Lease Act

gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers; stated that the U.S. government could lend or lease (rather than sell) war supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the United States.” Under this policy, the United States was able to supply military aid to its foreign allies during World War II, while still remaining officially neutral in the conflict; enabled a struggling Great Britain to continue fighting against Germany virtually on its own until the United States entered World War II late in 1941

Office of War Information

Regulated war propaganda and information seen in mass media; was responsible for formulating and implementing information programs to promote, in the United States and abroad, understanding of the status and progress of the war effort and of war policies, activities, and aims of the U.S. government