AP Psych: Unit 4 Test Review

Classical Conditioning

You take a stimulus and associate it with a reaction

Operant Conditioning

reward and punishment

Observational Learning

Watching someone and copying them

Insight Learning

Your brain puts together a pattern and gets an "aha" moment

Wolfgang Kohler

had a theory that we only learned through problem solving (chimps)

Latent Learning

You are learning all sorts of things without intending to do so

Edward Tohlman

rat maze

Social Learning

The majority of what you learn you’re observing from other people and you don’t know you’re learning it (primarily parents)

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll experiment

Acquisition

Learning the conditioned response

First Extinction Period

Forgetting the conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

The conditioned response returns briefly in an unpredictable way

Second Extinction Period

When the conditioned response is lost forever

Generalization

person attaches conditioned response to all stimuli that are similar

Stimulus discrimination

Your brain recognizes that similar stimulus are not the same

CER

Conditioned Emotional Response

Conditioned Emotional Response

Humans have a natural emotional response to many kinds of stimulus where it’s impossible or extremely difficult to change because of evolution

Escape

remove negative stimulus

Avoidance

Avoiding preemptively

Learned Helplessness

When a person learns that there is no hope in succeeding, causes low self-esteem

Superstitious Behavior

When a person attaches meaning to a random stimulus

Illusion of Control

If I do this, that will happen

Social Learning, Belongingness

You want to be part of a group so you follow their superstitions

Hope, Counterfactual Thinking

Everything must have an explanation

Ritual

Beneficial, reduces anxiety, helps to focus

Superstition

Always bad and impedes behavior

John Watson

Founder of behaviorism

B.F. Skinner

Early behaviorist

Early Behaviorists

Believed that all stimuli were equal and you could attach any behavior to any stimulus WHICH IS WRONG

Evolutionary Adaptation

Because of evolution, not all stimulus is equal

Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect)

When you get sick from eating something and never eat it again

John Garcia

Rat sugar water experiment