Religious Wars - Euro Unit 4

Main idea out of the 30 Years War

Created the idea of modern sovereignty and countries with borders 

Schmalkaldic Wars

Began in 1546 - Between Catholics and Protestants in HRE which ended into the Peace of Ausburg in 1555.

Peace of Ausburg

Cuius regio, eius religio - Whoever's rule, their religion.

Bohemian Phase

1618 - 1624 Began with a Calvanist revolt against HRE Ferdinand II and the Defenestration of Prague. Conflict is between King Frederick V of Bohemia and HRE Ferdinand II. End with the Battle of White Moutain, HRE crushes Protestant forces and begins to turn the surrounding land back Catholic.

Danish Phase

1625 - 1629 While the HRE is trying to create religious uniformity, King Christian IV of Denmark uses that distraction to begin taking land in Northern Germany. Albrecht von Wallenstein raises an enigma of a private army and is effective against him. Ends with Treaty of Lubeck.

Treaty of Lubeck

Ended the Danish phase, states that Denmark gets the land they lost to von Wallenstein back, but they can't treat with other nations. In short, nothing really happens, which is a common theme for the war as a whole.

Pike and Shot War fare

The military evolution from the medieval times. Formed blocks that used super long pikes and arquebasiers had guns.

Swedish Phase

1630 - 1634 A more political phase. King Gustavus Adolphus was Protestant and didn't like all the anti-Protestant acts and sentiment, so with his effective Carolean Army he is effective. Adolphus was killed in the Battle fo Breitenfield in 1631. Ended with peace of Prague in 1635.

Carolean Army

King Gustavus Adulphus of Sweden's army that was extremely aggresive and used effective tactics to take a lot of land in Europe during the Swedish phase.

Battle of Breitenfield

Battle in 1631 in which King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed, though it was a huge success for Sweden.

Peace of Prague

1635 - marks the end of Saxon support of Sweden and says that alliances between HRE nations and others is forbidden. This also is the end of the super religious portion of the war.

The French Phase

1635 - 1648 France, Holland, Sweden vs. Austria, Spain, HRE. Ended with Peace at Westphalia.

Peace at Westphalia.

1648 - Ended the 30 Years War. It didn't necessarily reaffirm the Peace of Ausburg's “whoever’s rule, their religion”, in that it said rulers couldn't dictate the religion of their followers. It also set up the modern idea of sovereignty, puts France as the most powerful nation in Europe.

Economic conditions in 16th/17th Centureis

The population was growing like crazy so crops were scarce. Cash crops became more popular, and a huge influx of gold and silver from Spain lead to huge inflation.

Extractive agriculture

The practice of many powerful European nations like England and France to set up colonies abroad and use them to grow cash crops.

The Cottage/Putting Out System

Instead of one large factory in a big city to do a ton of manufacturing, a bunch of smaller factories in more rural areas pick up production.

The fate of Guilds

Merchants began fronting the capital to set up businesses, like a thread business in an old mill. It was cheaper to run and join than a medieval guild, so young people who would have joined a guild otherwise went into work in these family-run merchant-backed businesses.

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarch is the head of the country, but somewhat limited and subject to the law. This is what England has.

Absolute monarchy

Strong, centralized monarchy which controls money and military, and is often not subject to laws. France uses this system.

King James I of England, VI of Scotland (1603 - 1625)

Tries to consolidate power in England like many after him do. He believes in the divine right of power, and the power of the purse to fund military.

Gunpowder Plot

1605 - Guy Fawkes didn’t like how Protestant England had become, so he tried to blow of Parliament on Nov. 5th. This was before the Spanish Armada, so England hadn’t been re-Catholicized yet. It didn’t work.

King Charles I (1625 - 1649)

Ruled with a lot of conflict with Parliament and John Pym. Ruled when the Petition of Rights was passed, and conducted his Eleven Years Tyranny. Ruled for Short and Long Parliaments and English Civil War.

Petition of Right

1628 - The King can’t quarter troops in civilian housing. He can’t perform “arbitrary rule”. Passed under Charles I.

Eleven Years Tyranny

1629 - 1640 Charles I tries to rule without Parliament. It doesn’t work very well, and he has to call them back after a while because he runs out of money. Demands loans which he will never pay back from nobles, then ship money.

Ship money

In the past, people who lived on the coast would pay for the fleet of ships to be build and maintained. Charles I needed more money though, so he wanted everyone to pay all across the country and make a nice profit.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbruy under Charles I. Attempted to reintruduce Anglicanism into Scottish Presbytarianism, which no one likes. Later arrested and executed by Parliament in 1645 under Charles I.

The Short Parliament

1640 - Charles I called a Parliament because he needed them to give him money and declare war. The Houses just kept antagonizing him, so Charles called it off in just three weeks.the

The Long Parliament

1640 - 1660 Abolished Star Chamber, and said that Parliament couldn’t be dissolved without its own consent. Executed William Laud, and passed Triennial Act, saying that Parliament had to meet at least every three years.

The Civil War in England

1642 - 1651 was Royalists=Cavaliers=Anglicans=Mostly nobles and landowners vs. Parliament=Puritans=Roundheads=Middle class. Oliver Cromwell takes over Parliament and creates the New Model Army, Charles I flees to Scotland. He is later executed by the Rump Parliament.

English Common Wealth

1649 - 1653 Rump Parliament under Cromwell declares England a republic.

Rump Parliament

When Cromwell takes power, the New Model Army purges Parliament and leaves only those who support Cromwell’s agenda.

Protectorate

1653 - 1658 Puts Cromwell in charge of England as the Lord Protector. He creates a new Parliament, but dies in 1658 so he can’t do much. His son tries to take back over, but the King returns shortly after.

King Charles II (1660 - 1685)

He resores the monarchy with limited power. Passed the Test Act, which required you to be Anglican and loyal to the crown to take office.

King James II (1685 - 1688)

Catholic, believed in divine right to rule. Passed Declaration of Indulgneces which sought religion tolerence between Catholics and Protestants. His Protestant daughter, Mary, married William of Orange. William then invades England and takes the throne, and James flees to France after losing the Battle of the Boyne.

Concordat of Bologna

1516 - Puts into words that the French king can appoint his own bishops.

French Wars of Religion

(1562 - 1598) Hugenots vs. Catholics. Many families are in the mix, but after St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Henry of Navarre took the throne as the Catholic King Henry IV.

King Henry IV (1589 - 1610)

Expands Royal power in France and passes the Edict of Nantes which takes away punishments for being Protestant.

King Louis XIII (1610 - 1643)

Began France’s true rise to power in Europe and began the process of state-building.

Cardinal Richelieu (1624 - 1642)

Centralized power through intendants throughout France who could govern on a more local scale. Used a Machialellian mindset and was a French supremist. He believed in suspending religion and morality if it served the stat.

The whole France religion thing massacre thing

The French Valois family is in power (Catholic) and they’re fueding with Hugenots. King Francis II dies in 1560, and he has no hiers so Charles IX was crowned with his mother, Catherine de Medici as regent ruler. Henry of Navarre married Charles IX’s sister, Margaret of Valois who was Hugenots. During the Wedding, Henry the Duke of Guise and Catherine de Medici commited a massacre. Charles IX’s brother Henry III becomes king, and Henry of Navarre and Henry Duke fo Guise all fight for the throne. Henry of Navarre wins and becomes King Henry IV.

La fronde

An uprising of French nobles against Louis XIV who were trying to take back the power that the Bourdon line had been slowly claiming. The fronde started in 1648, five years after Louis XIV began ruling.

Dominant economic policy

Mercantilism was the most popular economic policy of this time. Jean Baptise Colbert served under Louis XIV and was one of the strongest advocate for it.