APUSH - Period 2 Notes

Writing Topics & Continuities

* Environment influences way of life
* How groups live and why (economical, social, political)
* Compare colonial regions (New England, South, Chesapeake)
* New England has more education, more family ties, more life expectancies, more popu growth
* Ppl settled for religious communities, bring their whole families
* Middle colonies are the most diverse
* Southern colonies have less education, less family ties, lower life expectancies, less popu growth
* Ppl settled for eco gain/farming, bring indentured servants & slaves
* Regional specialization (environment, diversity)

Continuity & Change Over Time Statement

Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American colonies developed the experience in and expectation of self government in the political, social, economic, and religious aspects of life

* Emphasis on religion but more economic gain
* LEQ, SAQ, and MCQ from this

In-Between Notes

* Middle = proprietary colonies, given self-gov’ning rights by crown
* Restoration colonies = 1660s and up
* No colonization 1640s - 1660s bc Eng civil war, US learns self gov’t
* Counter to self gov’t = women & slaves can’t participate

Significance

* 1607 = Jamestown, VA founded, first permanent Eng settlement
* 1754 = Beginning of Fra/Ind war in Am (becomes 7 yr war)
* Beginning of change between Am colonies & Brit

Contextualization

* 1517 Protestant Reformation → 1527 Eng reformation
* Henry VIII broke from Cat Church to divorce (C. of Eng, same as Cat but King instead of Pope, free practice but pay taxes to Anglican)
* 1503 Mary Tudor gets throne from hemophiliac son (Catholic)
* Wife of Spa K. Philip (allied), Bloody Mary bc kills Protestants, exiles go to Switzerland & study Calvinism (Puritanism, John Calvin wants to purify C. of Eng, too Catholic)


* 1588 Elizabeth I takes throne (1588-1603)
* Wants Eng to be Protestant world pwr/empire, authorized “sea dogs” to attack Spa ships (Francis Drake, privateers)
* 1580s attempt at colonization in VA by Walter Raleigh (failed, lost colony Roanoke)
* 1588 “invincible Spa Armada to attack Eng (Eng destroys w/ fireships, victory opens Atlantic to Eng trade/colonization, Spa never recovers)
* Elizabeth kills Mary Queen of Scots bc Catholic threat
* 1603 James I begins Stuart Dynasty (1603-1625)
* Son of Mary Q. of Scots, is aka James VI of Scots, raised Protestant
* Authorized Joint Stock Companies to sponsor trips to Ams, charters granted → transferred Eng rights/liberties to Am (beginning self-gov’t)
* Virginia Co. Sponsored expedition to Jamestown (aka London Co.

Chesapeake Country - Virginia

* In Jtown, VACo sends 100 men to find gold
* Encounter Pawhatans, somewhat hostile, eng dying rapidly, peace made when Pocahontas “saves” John Smith from execution, JS learned lang/worked out deals, got hurt/never returned
* 1609-1610 “Starving Time” for eng (bc of greed, cannibalism, facing extinction)
* Effect = harsh rules/laws placed, threat to scare greed (no money made in colony until 1614)
* 1614 tobacco cultivation “saved” VA by John Rolfe (most profitable cash crop, more land conflict)
* 1619 turning point, harsh rules relaxed, first Brti rep gov’t in Am = House of Burgesses
* Bicameral legislature in VA, lower house elected by the ppl so focus their needs, upper house elected by lower house so foucs VA’s needs, more democratic than Brit, precedent for rep gov’t in Am, eventually all 13 are Bicameral, Parl’t never gave authority but too far

Chesapeake Country - Maryland

* Founded 1634, named after Q. Henrietta Maria I
* 1st proprietary colony, founded by Calvert family Lords Baltimore
* Meant to be a haven for Catholics
* Land Conflict: Cath vs. Prot, threatens viability of MD
* Conflict led to Act of Toleration 1649 (guarantee religious freedom to Christians)
* Self gov’t (religious and political, precedent for religious freedom in US)
* Becomes plantation colony for tobacco, native slaves die

Early Years of Chesapeake (1600s)

* High mortality rate, 1/2 don’t reach 20, weaker family ties, shorter life span
* Caused by disease, exposure to environment, hard labor
* Population only grew bc of new immigration, no natural growth
* South = economic focus, ppl drawn to land ownership (in Eng only privileged have)
* Increased land demand → conflict w/natives (1622 Anglo-Powhatan wars, 1685 Powhatans extinct, trend of bloody warfare)
* Demand for labor, indentured servants
* VA adopts Headright system (buy into VACo. = 50 acres, pay for passage = 50 acres)
* Puts wealthy planter at top of VA society (political/economic dominance cont, taxed low class/landless)
* Freed indentured servants led to further land conflict (war w/natives, class warfare in VA)
* Led to Bacon’s rebellion 1685 (Nathaniel B, gov’r denied land requests to keep peace w/natives, B fights peaceful natives then runs our Jtown gov’t)
* Gov’t later reclaims & puts down rebellion
* Class warfare remains, trend for less “troublesome” labor 18th cent forward

Plymouth

* Plymouth starts as own colony 1620 (charter colony, Plymouth Co. sponsored trip)
* Mayflower sailed to VA but ended here, minority passengers were pilgrims
* Calvinists led by William Bradford (predestination, God decides salvation early)
* Live like you’ll get salvation anyway, only “elect” really do (visible saints)
* Separatist Puritans (break from C. of Eng, extremists)
* Most passengers there for money
* To insure rights of minority, Bradford makes Mayflower Compact
* Self gov’t, political (democratic not democracy)
* Establish gov’t to rule by majority but protect minority rights
* Basic philosophy of democratic gov’t in US
* Plymouth became self gov’ning autonomous colony (unbothered by Eng bc nothing of value)
* Absorbed by MA 1691

Massachusetts Bay

* 1630 charter colony founded by MA Bay Co (Great Migration of non-Separatist Puritans)
* Led by John Winthrop, want “city upon a hill” (show world Godly commonwealth, perf society)
* Beginning of US showing what the world should be
* Calvinists (everyone born wicked & sinful, strict social control
* Made Congregational Church (established/tax supported)
* Sought religious freedom but intolerant to other beliefs (unliked at home, wanted more freedom to practice)


* Strict moral/socail codes to make perf society (esp in public, if allow deviant behavior God punishes all)


* Patriarchal, semi communal, no room for individualism, everybody literate for religious studies, Harvard 1636


* General Court rep body of MA bay, only elect serve/vote, they run MA, self gov’t
* Self reliance, moderation, practicality, thriftiness, simplicity (continue in US until consumer-based)

Challenges to Puritan Leadership in Massachusetts Bay

* Bc perf society can’t exist, ppl don’t like the elect
* Roger williams says no one should be coerced into faith, separate church/state, compensate natives for land more
* Banished 1635, found Rhode Island w/natives (at first Providence)
* RI = complete religious freedom, sep church/state, encouraged individualism
* Precedent for US
* Anne Hutchinson preached from home (not allowed for women)
* Exiled 1636, early feminism
* Above two show perf society can’t exist

Connecticut

* Founded 1637 by Puritans, followers of Anne Hutchinson
* Conquered Pequot (God said we should be here, they won’t interfere)
* Wrote Fundamental Orders of CT (how to defend selves, some gov’t)

New York

* First founded by Dutch for fur trade, New Amsterdam
* Eng king tells Duke of York to steal, takes w/o force 1664 (ppl don’t like gov’t)
* Eng secured fur trade & crucial alliances, mainly Iroquois
* Port city of NYC (still big Dutch influence, just under Eng law)
* Ethnic/religious diversity (Jewish settlement near)
* NJ too, NJ splits from NY
* Eng, Dutch, Swedes, Germans, Natives, Africans
* Mainly Prots, some Caths (many sects, more diverse than Euro)

Pennsylvania

* 1681 proprietary colony founded by William Penn (refuge for Quakers)
* Prot, official name = society of friends (quaking = overcome w/spirit, ridiculed)
* All ppl born good w/inner light of God, pacifists, equality of sexes, no ordained ministers
* Penn wanted a “Holy Experiment” (like Puritans’ “city on a hill” but no global audience)
* Penn more accepting/open to other religions, no established/tax-supported church
* Heavily recruited immigrants (promoted better way of life)
* Quakers started Abolitionist movement later on
* Scots-Irish and Germans arrive in large numbers (from N. Ireland w/Scottish ancestors)
* S-I Presbyterian & no-nonsense (predestination, backcountry alcoholic farmers)
* Farmers wanted land, Quakers try to respect natives
* More S-I go into office, much more land taken
* Germans Lutherans (“PA Dutch”)
* There for eco gain, pushed out more Quakers
* Penn leaves, pushed out by ppl he let in
* Before he left built Philly - largest colonial city (keystone, in the middle)
* Delaware breaks off from PA

Carolina

* North
* Subsistence farming, non aristocratic bc non profitable environment
* Defeated Tuscaroras (sold into slavery in Carib so can’t flee, traded for Africans)
* Eventually profited in tobacco & naval stores (pitch, tar, turpentine, lumber)
* Religious diversity like Rhode Island (top 2)
* South
* Aristocratic/gentry class, in tidewater region (marshes, sometimes under water)
* Defeated Yamassee (sold & slaved, just come in and take, no assimilation)
* Charleston = most imp port cities in colonial history (40% of Africans go, Eng protects profit)
* Rice cash crop = labor demand (natives flee/die, servants die, African slavery → slave codes)
* 1680s, modeled off Barbados Slave Code, chattel slavery = hereditary & property
* Founded 1663, official split 1712, become royal colonies
* Parl’t appoints gov’r, no voting (colonies pay him so usually follows, still some self-gov’t)
* Arbitrary pwr, can do what they want, revolution

Georgia

* 1732, proprietary, founded by James Oglethrope after K. George II
* Philanthropic experiment, gave prisoners & debters a 2nd chance
* Est Savanna GA, port city
* No alcohol or slavery
* Experiment failed, becomes plantation colony
* Brti wanted GA as a buffer between Spa FL and SC (protective over biggest profit)
* SC pushed into GA, farmers move to GA & build farms, Oglethrope left

Regional Specialization of New England (MA, RI, CT, NH)

* Env/Geo: cold climate, rocky soil, subsistence farming
* Eco: no cash crops, whaling, fishing, beginning of manufacturing
* Not industrial yet, continuity in US
* Shipbuilding, cottage industry, smiths
* Unfavorable trade balance w/Eng, deficit (not making enough to buy, in debt)
* NE becomes involved in Triangular Trade (Carib molasses → NE rum → Afri Slaves)
* Soc: arrived w/families → marriage → large families → tight-knit communities
* By 1750 less drastic diff to south
* NE town = land divided by equity (how mush value you have)
* Sons awarded land (primogeniture), daughters get dowry (payment to husband)
* General Court awarded townships (20-25 fams given perms to start)
* Built around commons, small-frame houses, practical/simple
* Annual town meetings (pol/soc self-gov’t, open democracy)
* Legislated religion (MA’s Congregational Church)
* Towns w/50+ fams have to have public school (MA, then all)
* Became less authoritarian by 18th cent (enforced law w/o compassion/care)
* Becomes more materialistic, more religious diversity, elect lose authority
* Voting rights extended by early 18th cent to land-owning white men instead of elect

Regional Specialization of the South (VA, MD, GA, SC, NC)

* Advantage: warm climate, long growing season, so farming cash crops
* tobacco, rice, indigo, lumber
* Eco focus from the beginning, Chesapeake’s headright system
* Favorable trade balance w/Eng, Eng likes south more
* Soc hier/caste system: wealthy planters/gentry, yeoman farmers, slaves
* Gentry/planters on top is cont since Spa conquest to US formation
* No one knows farming better than slaves, resist w/o owner’s knowledge)
* Sabotage bc no incentive to do well
* Legislated religion - Anglican Church in VA
* In VA, had to be a member to vote/serve
* Organized education difficult bc widespread population (cont)
* County gov’t was popular (self-gov’t)

Regional Specialization of the Middle Colonies (PA, NY, NJ, DE)

* Most diverse (ethnic & religious)
* Dutch Reformed, Catholic, Presbyterian, Jewish, Quaker, Anglican
* Env/Geo: growing season longer than ↑ but shorter than ↓
* Profit from exporting cereals, oats, grain, barley, wheat (breadbasket)
* Aided by vast river system, export to other colonies
* Eco: Fur trade (NY), merchants top of society followed by retailers etc
* Lived by public responsibility, act for greater good (Quakers)
* Gov’t: town gov’t popular, elected office
* Edu: private schools most common, 1st library in all colonies by Ben Frank

Mercantilism → Mercantile Economy

* Purpose of colonies = provide materials/markets for goods
* Enumerated goods must be bought by colonies
* Required, pay w/real $ or credit, money for mother country
* Textiles, paper, lead, leather, hats, sugar, iron
* Colonies not to be concerned w/eco independence & self gov’t
* Population growth → more demand (manufactured goods, land)
* Land demand → labor demand & Native conflict

Problems with Mercantilism

* Smuggling & bribery, buy from Dut/Fra (esp NE bc deficit)
* Ocean brings distance, hard to enforce laws
* Leads to Par’t passing series of naval laws/acts 1660s
* Control colonial trade, all $ goes to Eng
* Board in Trade established in Boston for more watchful eye
* All colonial trade has to be on Eng ships
* Enumerated goods only bought from Eg
* Customs duty had to be paid (tax in imps/exps)
* Most colonists obey laws (they’re loyal Brit citizens)
* Still some smuggling in NE
* To enforce, could set royal gov’rs, taxes, take self-gov’t, occupy (don’t wanna)

The Dominion of New England

* Change: James II to the throne 1685, est Dominion of NE
* All 4 NE colonies now treated as one big thing (in theory)
* to better administrate laws, abolished local assemblies
* NE resists, smuggling & bribery continue (made bc no more self gov’t)
* Turning pt: 1688 = the Glorious Revolution of England
* James II abdicated/forced out bc Catholic son
* Replaced by William & Mary, house of Orange
* Dominion gone bc not successful, made MA & RI royal, assemblies return
* NEW POLICY: Salutary Neglect 1689 - 1763
* Acknowledged neglect of colonies (ain’t broke don’t fix)
* Resistance met w/accommodation, non-interference policy (laws stay, no enforce)
* Greatest factor for xp & expectation of self-gov’t
* Eng leaves them be as long as they make $

The Anglicization of America

* Mid 1700s, think “habits” of self-gov’t
* Colonies not homogeneous but Brit ways of life persist
* Protestantism, eng lang (not same bc regional specialization)
* Common similarities:
* Self-gov’t, loyal to crown, bicameral legislature
* Lower house has more influence bc directly elected
* Democratic ideals (assembly, free speech/religion, trial by jury, opportunity, tolerance, education)
* More democratic than world bc immigration, diff groups
* Limitation to democratic ideals:
* Slavery & racial superiority, voting privileges, no women’s rights
* Women 2nd class, expected to fulfill domestic duties
* Can participate in church, Biblical law equal to all, only place
* Most cherished privilege = self taxation through representation
* Colonies controlled $ within, internal taxation
* Colonists conceded that Par’t had right to regulate trade
* External taxation, tax foreign goods so buy from Eng
* Major differences between colonies & GB:
* Ethnic & religious diversity, more qualified voters & land owners

The Enlightenment: Age of Reason

* Intellectual challenge to traditional teachings/religion
* Heliocentricism from Galileo Galilei (church claims God revealed)
* Darwinism, evolution, Newton’s laws of motion
* Paint rational universe, knowledge unlimited, everything can be explained w/reason
* Churches say God is also rational
* Focus on individual rights, anti-absolute authority
* John Locke: eng plilosopher
* Popular among academic Americans
* __Two Treatises of Government__ (mostly 2nd one)
* Born w/”natural rights” life, liberty, property
* Social contract theory (ppl concede to gov’t to protect rights
* Gov’t to protect from tyranny, if fail then right of revolution
* Everyone born w/ability to think
* Colonies are experimental, break from old world
* Expand academics, disciplines explain phenomena
* Bio, chem, physics, philosophy, astronomy

The Great Awakening - 1740s

* Example of democratization of Am (individualism)
* A series of religious revivals across ALL colonies
* Proselytizing ppl, caused by religious leaders feeling lack of piety/devotion
* Esp Puritans
* Also caused by Enlightenment
* Early leaders: Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield
* Puritans, Edwards = hell threats, Whitefield = theatrical preaching
* Freedom of Christian worship available in all colonies
* 9 colonies have established churches (Anglican)
* Available bc of immigration
* “Circuit Riders” = traveling ministers proselytizing (target rural)
* Eco incentive to religious incentive in south
* Women attend revivals en masse (only equal place)

Effects of the Great Awakening

* Continued disintegration of Puritanism
* Growth & spread of denominations (methodist, baptist, presbyterian)
* Denominational colleges
* Focus on individual decision-making (democratization)
* Earn salvation, not predestination
* Accept Jesus, repent, then devote to service
* Ppl believed they had personal relationship to Christ
* Deist = not personal, God gives materials & dips (founding fathers)
* More power to congregations (religious self-gov’t)
* New style of preaching = evangelical style (theatrics)