S&C Exam 2

Primary function of CV during aerobic exercise

Deliver O2/nutrients to working tissue

Remove metabolites and waste

Cardiac Output (Q)

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in liters per min

Stroke Volume

the quantity of blood ejected with each beat (mL/beat)

Heart Rate

heart pumping per min

VO2 max

“maximal oxygen uptake”

reproducible measure of the capacity of the CV system to deliver oxygenated blood to a large muscle mass involved in dynamic work

Systolic Blood Pressure

pressure exerted against arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction

Diastolic Blood Pressure

pressure exerted against arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected

Aerobic endurance training adaptations

Reduced body fat, increased maximal oxygen uptake, increased running economy, increased respiratory capacity, lower blood lactate concentrations at submaximal exercise, increased mitochondrial and capillary densities, improved enzyme activity, increased enzyme activity.

Aerobic overtraining markers

decreased performance, decreased percentage of body fat, decreased maximal oxygen uptake, altered blood pressure, increased muscle soreness, decreased muscle glycogen, altered resting heart rate.

Tapering

the planned reduction of volume in training that occurs before an athletic competition or a planned recovery cycle, designed to enhance athletic performance and adaptations.

childhood

the period of life before the development of secondary sex characteristics

growth

increase in body size or part

development

progression from prenatal to adulthood

maturation

process of maturing/becoming fully functional

chronological age

age in months or years

biological age

development measured in terms of skeletal age, physical maturity, or sexual maturation

Skeletal age

gold standard for getting biological age/maturity

training age

length of time a child has consistently followed a formal rt program

Female athletes differences

Body size and comp

before puberty: no differences in height, weight, and body size . Adult: women have more body fat and less muscle and bone than males

Strength and power

women generally have 2/3 the strength of men

female athlete triad

Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

increases the risk for osteoporosis and amenorrhea

Q angle of hips

Triangle from Knee to medial and lateral side of hip bone

Angle places stress at knee joint= increase risk of ACL injuries

Osteopenia

bone mineral density between -1 and -2.5 standard deviations (SD) of the young adult mean

osteoporosis

a bone mineral density below -2.5 SD of the young adult mean

Warm Up

designed to prepare an athlete mentally and physically for upcoming training and competition

can improve performance while potentially lessening the risk of injury

Flexibility training

aims to increase the range of motion around a joint, normally through the use of different forms of stretching

Warm-Up components

a period of aerobic exercise

followed by stretching

ending with a period of movements similar to the upcoming activity

RAMP PROTOCOL: raise

elevate body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood flow, and joint fluid viscosity via low-intensity activities that simulate the movement patterns of the upcoming activity

RAMP PROTOCOL: activate and mobilize

actively move through a range of motion (stretching)

RAMP PROTOCOL: potentiate

perform sport specific activities that progress in intensity until the athlete is performing at the intensity required for competition or training

flexibility

measure of ROM and has static and dynamic components

Range of Motion (ROM)

degree of motion that occurs at a joint

static flexibility

the range of possible movement about a joint and its surrounding muscles during a passive movement

dynamic flexibility

available ROM during active movements; it requires voluntary muscular actions

joint structure

structure determines the joint’s ROM

age and sex

older people tend to be less flexible than younger people; females tend to be more flexible than males

muscle and connective tissue

elasticity and plasticity of connective tissues affect ROM

Stretch tolerance

the ability of an athlete to tolerate the discomfort of stretching

neural control

ROM is controlled by the central and peripheral nervous system, including both afferent and efferent mechanisms

resistance training

may increase flexibility and help develop force through enhanced ROM

exercise through a full ROM and develop both agonist and Antagonist muscles to prevent loss of ROM

muscle bulk

large muscles may impede joint movement

consider the requirements of athlete’s sport

activity level

an active person tends to be more flexible than an inactive one, but activity alone will not improve flexibility

elastic flexibility

ability to return to original resting length after a passive stretch

plastic flexibility

tendency to assume a new and greater length after a passive stretch

Autogenic inhibition

accomplished via active contraction before a passive stretch of the same muscle

Reciprocal inhibition

accomplished by contracting the muscle opposing the muscle that is being passively stretched

Static stretch

Slow and constant, with the end position held for 15 to 30 seconds

Ballistic stretch

Typically involves active muscular effort and uses a bouncing-type movement in which the end position is not held

Dynamic stretch

A type of functionally based stretching exercise that uses sport-specific movements to prepare the body for activity

Fascial Adhesions

Foam rolling and soft tissue work and be used to break up adhesions and restore movement

test

a procedure for assessing ability in a particular endeavor

field test

an test used to assess ability that is performed away from the laboratory and does not require extensive training or expensive equipment

evaluation

process of analyzing test results for the purpose of making decisions

pretest

a test administered before the beginning of a new training program

determines basic abilities and helps with program design

Mid-test

A test administered one or more times during the training period to assess progress and modify the program as needed to maximize benefit

Is this working?

Does anything need to change?

reliability

the extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated more than once

validity

the extent to which the instruments that are used in the experiment measure exactly what you want them to measure

face validity

Is the appearance to the athlete and other observers that the test measures what it is purported to measure

construct validity

Refers to overall validity, or the extent to which the test actually measures what it was designed to measure

Content validity

Is the assessment by experts that the testing covers all relevant subtopics or component abilities in appropriate proportions

Criterion-regerenced validity

The extend to which test scores are associated w/ some other measure of the same ability/other criterion

Test selection considerations

Sport Specificity

Athlete Experience

Training Status

Age & Gender

Environmental Factors

test selection

Metabolic energy system specificity

Biomechanical movement pattern specificity

Athlete experience and training status

Age and gender

Environmental factors

Heat stroke/heat exhaustion symptoms

Cramps

Nausea

Dizziness

Difficulty in walking or standing

Faintness

Garbled speech

Lack of sweat

Red or ashen skin

Goose bumps

Sequence of tests

Nonfatiguing tests (ht, wt, skinfolds, ect.)

Agility tests

Maximum power and strength tests

Sprint tests

Local muscular endurance tests

Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests

Aerobic capacity tests (This is best done on a different day)

Maximum Muscular Strength

related to the force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one maximal effort, with proper form

tested via 1-repetition maximum sa