Mcshaff Chapter 12

Irving Fajans

a department store sales clerk in New York City who tried to persuade fellow workers to join the Department Store Employees Union

League of Nations

what debate divided the nation after WWI

nativism

prejudice against foreign-born people

isolationism

a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs

communism

an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship

private property

to equalize wealth and power, communists would put an end to what, substituting government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Who published the Communist Manifesto

Communist manifesto

outlined the theory of class struggle; said that a class that had economic power also had social and political power

haves and have-nots

what are the two classes that have struggled for control throughout history

capitalists

who owned land, money, and machinery

workers

who owned only their labor

the majority

what were Lenin and his followers (Bolsheviks) known as

Vladimir I. Lenin and Bolsheviks

who overthrew Czar Nicholas II and established a Communist states in Russia

Reds

what were communists called waving their symbolic red flag

70,000

how many radicals joined the communist party that formed in the US

Red Scare

when several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders; the public grew fearful that the communists were taking over

A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover

who hunted down suspected communists, socialists, and anarchists; they trampled people’s civil rights, invaded private homes and offices and jailed suspects without allowing them legal counsel

radicals

umbrella term for communists, socialists and anarchists

anarchists

people who opposed any form of government

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists who both had evaded the draft during WWI

robbery and murder of a paymaster and guard

What were Sacco and Vanzetti charged with

August 23, 1927

When were Sacco and Vanzetti executed

it was the murder weapon

What did the ballistics test in 1961 show about the pistol found on Sacco in the Sacco and Vanzetti case

keep America for Americans

what became the prevailing attitude during the wave of nativist sentiment

Madison Grant

anthropologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City

Ku Klux Klan

What is the full name of the KKK

KKK

was devoted to “100 percent Americanism”; believed in keeping blacks “in their place,” destroying saloons opposing unions, and driving roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people out of the country

4\.5 million

How many members were in the KKK

white male persons, native-born gentile citizens

What was the description of the members of the KKK

bigot

a person who is intolerant of any creed, race, religion, or political belief that differs from his own

600%

what percent had the number of immigrants grown by from 1919-1921

quota system

the system that established the maximum number of people who could enter the US from each foreign country

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

the act that set up the quota system

2%

the quota system limited immigration from each European nation to what percent of its nationals living in the US in 1890

150,000

In 1927 the quota system reduced the total number of persons to be admitted in any one year to what

Japanese

Who did the quota system prohibit from immigrating to the US

Western Hemisphere

What area did the Quota System not apply to

1 million

During the 1920’s how many Canadians entered the US

500,000

During the 1920’s how many Mexicans entered the US

American Federation of Labor

Who pledged to avoid strikes

4 million

How many workers walked off the job during 1919 when there more than 3,000 strikes

communists

What did employers label striking workers as

Boston Police Strike, Steel Mill Strike, and Coal Miners’ strike

What were the three strikes that grabbed public attention

They had not been given a raise and couldn’t unionize

Why did the Boston police go on strike

Calvin Coolidge

Who was the Massachusetts governor who called out the National Guard; people raised him for saving Boston for communism and anarchy

there is no right to strike against public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime

What did Calvin Coolidge say about the Boston Police Strike

members of the strike weren’t allowed to return to work and new workers were hired

What was the end result of the Boston Police Strike

shorter working hours, a living wage, union recognition, and collective bargaining rights

What did workers in steel mills want during the Steel Mill Strike

300,000

How many workers walked off of their jobs during the Steel Mill Strike

strikebreakers

who were the people hired by steel companies who agreed to work during the strike

8 hour workday and no union

What was the end result of the Steel Mill Strike

John L. Lewis

Person who called his union’s members out on strike during the Coal Miners’ strike; became a national hero

27% wage increase, no shorter workday or five-day workday

What was the end result of the Coal Miners’ Strike

3\.5 million

Over the 1920’s, union membership dropped from more than 5 million to what

much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions

What was the first reason that union membership declined

Since immigrants spoke a multitude of languages, unions had difficult organizing them

What was the second reason that union membership declined

Farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to relying on themselves

What was the third reason that union membership declined

most unions excluded African Americans

What was the fourth reason that union membership declined

1%

How much of the African American population held union memberships by 1929

3%

How much of the white population held union membership by 1929

mine workers’, longshoremens’, and railroad porters’

What unions did African Americans join

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

What was founded in 1925 to help African Americans gain a fair wage

A. Philip Randolph

Who founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Warren G. Harding

29th US president who was described as a good-natured man who “looked like a president ought to look”

Washington Naval Conference

Harding invited several major power to this to fix the problems that surfaced relating to arms control, war debts, and the reconstruction of war-torn countries

Charles Evans Hughes

Person at the Washington naval conference who urged that no more warships be built for ten years

powerful nations agreed to disarm

Why was the Washington Naval Conference so important

Kelogg-Briand Pact

Fifteen countries signed this which renounced war as a national policy

$10 billion

How much money did Britain and France have to pay back to the US after the war

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

piece of legislation which raised taxes on some US imports to 60%

Dawes Plan

American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale

miser

What did Britain and France consider the US for not paying a fair share of the costs of WWI

Charles Evans Hughes

Who was the secretary of state in Harding’s cabinet; later went on to become chief justice of the Supreme Court

Herbert Hoover

Who was the secretary of commerce in Harding’s cabinet

Andrew Mellon

Who was secretary of the treasury in Harding’s cabinet

Ohio Gang

The presidents poker-playing cronies

Charles R. Forbes

Who was the head of the Veterans Bureau in Harding’s cabinet

Charles R. Forbes

Who was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies

Thomas W. Miller

Who was the head of the Office of Alien Property in Harding’s cabinet

Thomas W. Miller

Who was caught taking a bribe

Teapot Dome Scandal

What was the most spectacular example of corruption where someone managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior department. then he leased the land to two private oil companies.

Albert B. Fall

Who is responsible of the Teapot Dome Scandal

$400,000

How much money did Albert B. Fall recieve in “loans, bonds, and cash

Harding died

What happened on august 2, 1923

Calvin Coolidge

Who was the 30th president of the US; succeeded Warren G. Harding

Route 66

Road that connected Chicago to Los Angeles

the Mother Road

What was the nickname for Route 66

2448

How many miles did Route 66 run

gas stations, repair shops, public garages, motels, tourist camps, and shopping centers

What did automobiles lead to the rapid construction of

automatic traffic lights

What began in Detroit in the early 1920’s as a result of the boom of automobiles

Holland Tunnel

the first underwater tunnel designed specifically for motor vehicles; it opened in 1927 to connect New York City and Jersey City

Woodbridge Cloverleaf

the first cloverleaf intersection; it was built in New Jersey in 1929

urban sprawl

the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions

Akron, Detroit, Dearborn, Flint, and Pontiac

What cities did the automobile industry provide an economic base for

80%

What percent of all registered motor vehicles in the world were in the US in the late 1920’s

1:5

What was the ratio of automobiles to peple in hte late 1920’s

US Postal Service

What services started out using airplanes before anything else

radios and navigational instruments

As a result of weather forecasting developments what do planes begin carrying

Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart

What two people helped to promote cargo and commercial airlines through transatlantic flights

Lockheed Company

What company produced a single engine plane-the Vega